一个失败的实验:冲绳凹痕和战后托雷斯海峡珍珠业,1958-1963

IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
A. Shnukal
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在整个欧洲历史上,澳大利亚一直通过从海外引进工人来解决经常性的劳动力短缺问题。位于太平洋和印度洋之间的航线上,澳大利亚北部的珍珠剥壳业成为第二波跨国劳动力流动(1870-1940)的重要地点,到19世纪80年代,它依赖于来自太平洋和东南亚的契约工人。由于不受1901年种族歧视的《移民限制法案》的限制,签约的亚洲海员(主要是日本人)维持着这个行业,直到1941年太平洋战争爆发。1946年,以昆士兰州远北的周四岛为中心的托雷斯海峡珍珠业恢复,当时普遍同意日本人不得返回。尽管如此,1958年,162个冲绳岛采珠团抵达周四岛,试图恢复该行业不断下滑的财富,这一尝试引起了争议。这篇文章旨在对跨国劳工运动的历史作出贡献。它参考了一系列资料来记录这个“冲绳实验”,这是最后一次大规模输入亚洲契约劳工到澳大利亚。它考察了澳大利亚联邦与各州在制定和采用国家劳工政策方面的紧张关系;昆士兰政策制定者之间的争议;冲绳人群的社会特征;以及当地居民的反应。还讨论了托雷斯海峡采珠业最后几年的劳动经济学。因此,这项研究扩展了我们对跨国劳工运动的认识,以及战后早期澳大利亚-亚洲关系与昆士兰土著劳工政策的交集。这也预示了当代土著对控制当地海洋资源的要求。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Failed Experiment: Okinawan Indents and the Postwar Torres Strait Pearlshelling Industry, 1958–1963
Abstract Throughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
10
期刊介绍: ILWCH has an international reputation for scholarly innovation and quality. It explores diverse topics from globalisation and workers’ rights to class and consumption, labour movements, class identities and cultures, unions, and working-class politics. ILWCH publishes original research, review essays, conference reports from around the world, and an acclaimed scholarly controversy section. Comparative and cross-disciplinary, the journal is of interest to scholars in history, sociology, political science, labor studies, global studies, and a wide range of other fields and disciplines. Published for International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc.
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