Building stock mining for a circular economy: A systematic review on application of GIS and remote sensing

Existing building stocks (BS) were not designed or constructed with circular economic (CE) strategies. Hence, recycling is vital in enabling CE in such BS. However, the lack of information about the scale and scope of the forecasted BS waste and its geo-located data hinders decisions on the selection of locations for recycling centres and proper landfills and evidence-based policy developments. BS mining, assisted with geographic information systems (GIS) and remotely sensed data are ideal for generating BS data and assisting end-of-life decisions for CE. However, the number of studies that have compared different BS data collection methods and analysis techniques is limited. This study investigates the research maturity of GIS, remote sensing, spatial analysis, and complementary methods adopted in BS mining and CE studies using a systematic literature review. As a critical outcome, a conceptual framework was developed to assist future BS mining, CE studies and industry practice.