Progress in niobium-based oxides as anode for fast-charging Li-ion batteries

With the increasing popularity of electric/hybrid vehicles and the rapid development of 3C electronics, there is a growing interest in high-rate energy storage systems. The rapid development and widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be attributed to their numerous advantages, including high energy density, high operating voltage, environmental friendliness, and lack of memory effect. However, the progress of LIBs is currently hindered by the limitations of energy storage materials, which serve as vital components. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the development of a new generation of high-rate energy storage materials in order to overcome these limitations and further advance LIB technology. Niobium-based oxides have emerged as promising candidates for the fabrication of fast-charging Li-ion batteries due to their excellent rate capability and long lifespan. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamentals, methodologies, and electrochemistries of niobium-based oxides, with a specific focus on the evolution and creation of crystal phases of Nb₂O₅, fundamental electrochemical behavior, and modification methods including morphology modulation, composite technology, and carbon coating. Furthermore, the review explores Nb₂O₅-derived compounds and related advanced characterization techniques. Finally, the challenges and issues in the development of niobium-based oxides for high-rate energy storage batteries are discussed, along with future research perspectives.