Plug-in Electric Vehicles Participation in Primary Frequency Control Considering Charging Demand

ABSTRACT Electric Vehicle is now a global term, affecting the transportation sector, automobile industry, and electric grid scenario. As Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) penetration level is escalating, PEVs will create new challenges and opportunities for transportation and the electric grid in the near future. The distributed stored energy of PEVs with high active power controllability turns PEVs into new distributed energy sources (DES) for the grid. With a high penetration level, PEVs can also provide ancillary services to the grid, e.g., primary frequency control (PFC). Although grid support provided by PEVs is limited because of additional operational limitations and various constraints of PEVs and the grid. A new charging model for PEVs has been proposed in this paper to investigate the potential of PEVs for primary frequency control. The proposed model incorporates several PEV characteristics such as charger topology, drive power limitation, and operational modes with proper consideration of PEV’s charging demand profile. Furthermore, a control scheme is proposed to decide the availability of PEVs for ancillary services and compute the participation level of PEVs without affecting the charging demands. In the end, several scenarios have been used to evaluate and show the potential of PEVs for the PFC in the power system. The maximum deviation of frequency is reduced by 17.39% in case 1 of Scenario A, 26.08% in case 2 of Scenario A and 21.73% in both cases of Scenario B with proper consideration of charging demands. Graphical abstract