Geochemistry of the Lancang River (Upper Mekong River) overbank sediments: Implications for provenance, weathering and sedimentary characteristics

Large rivers originating from the Tibetan Plateau play a crucial role in sediment production and transportation and thus influence the ocean composition and global climate. This study focuses on the geochemical characteristics, including major, trace and rare earth elements of overbank sediments from the Lancang River (Upper Mekong), which drains southwest China and is one of the largest international rivers in Asia. We characterize sediment maturity and recycling, weathering and provenance in a typical, tectonically active cold-humid climate region. Lancang River (LR) sediments with an average chemical index of alteration (CIA) of 73 ± 6 and an average index of compositional variability (ICV) of 1.1 ± 0.6 suggest an intermediate mineralogy and chemical maturity corresponding to moderate weathering in a slightly warmer climate. The provenance of LR sediments is characterized by felsic source rocks, similar to the upper continental crust (UCC), followed by recycled sedimentary rocks, which were possibly derived from the Yidun, North Qiangtang (NQ) and Songpan-Ganzi (SGZ) terranes at upstream locations when the Lingcang basalt (LCB) provided mafic rocks for LR sediments. However, recycled materials have limited impacts on sediment maturity, as reflected by the degree of weathering. Highly physical weathering (erosion) has created a massive source for LR sediments due to active tectonics, while the impacts of climate on weathering processes have increased. Meanwhile, the overbank sediment in large rivers could be a good sampling medium for evaluating terrestrial weathering, provenance and sediment characteristics using geochemical evidence.