Reuse of industrial residues/wastes as a sustainable solution for landfill leachate contaminated groundwater

In order to increase the reuse of wastes and residues, as required by the Waste Framework Directive, the potential use of waste, residue and natural minerals as low-cost permeable reactive barrier (PRB) materials was investigated. The performance of a kitchen waste compost, sepiolite and steel slag was compared with that of volcanic slag, pumice and activated carbon in removing specific contaminants from landfill leachate. The experiments represented that the activated carbon removed 27% of the ammonium (NH4+), 75% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 100% of the phosphate (PO43–), zinc (Zn2+) and nickel (Ni2+) from the landfill leachate. Volcanic slag exhibited removal efficiencies of 50% COD and 100% PO43– and pumice exhibited removal efficiencies of 20% NH4+, 27% Zn2+, 65% COD and 100% PO43–. The reactive materials were also checked for their potential in releasing unwanted constituents and represented different levels of the solute (e.g., PO43–, SO42–, NH4+) release. Among the reactives, sepiolite was found to be the reactive material reflecting a minor release (e.g., Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+), but also delivering removal efficiencies of 40, 50, 65, 95, 97, 98, 98 and 100% for Ni2+, COD, Zn2+, SO42–, Cl–, F–, NH4+ and PO43–, respectively. The results show that the studied materials have the potential as reactives for PRB systems treating high strength contaminant plumes.