Causal Inference and Assessing Learning Outcomes Across Multiple Methods: A Primer for International Evaluators in Education

aDepartment of Instructional Systems Technology, Center for Evaluation and Education Policy, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA; bDepartment of Educational Leadership, Sam Houston State University, TX, USA and Department of Educational Leadership and Management/Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; cNorth Dakota State University, ND, USA; dCenter for Evaluation and Education Policy, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA