小农场是自然可持续的吗?-回顾农业生态学中一个持续的误解

Pub Date : 2020-04-10 DOI:10.12924/cis2020.08010017
Roland Ebel
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引用次数: 17

摘要

今天,农业生态学不仅仅是一门科学;这是一个倡导对全球粮食系统进行可持续重新设计的运动。一些公认的倡导者呼吁在支持小规模农业的基础上重新设计,因为小型农场被认为比大型农场更具可持续性。本综述探讨了主要农业生态学家用来证明他们对小型(通常是农民)农场的偏好的论点。在本审查中,小型农场被定义为拥有平均最多两公顷的农业面积,为家庭所有,强调户外生产,每年至少生产两种不同的作物或牲畜。在发展中国家,农民农场被定义为自给自足的小农场。该报告概述了小农场的现状及其面临的最严峻挑战。我们浏览了过去三十年的农业生态学出版物,寻找支持小农场更具可持续性假设的论据。人们发现,没有研究直接比较农场的可持续性基于他们的规模。相反,大多数被引用来证实小农场可持续性的研究比较的是在规模和农场管理方面都不同的农场。因此,小型农场的先进可持续性的原因很可能是他们的管理,而不是他们的规模。断言小农场先天比大农场更具可持续性是站不住脚的。误用“小农场”一词可能会阻碍生态农业刺激可持续粮食生产的努力。
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Are Small Farms Sustainable by Nature?—Review of an Ongoing Misunderstanding in Agroecology
Today, agroecology is more than a science; it is a movement that advocates for a sustainable redesign of the global food system. Some of its acknowledged protagonists plead for a redesign based on the support of and for small-scale farming because small farms are considered more sustainable than large farms. The present review explores the arguments that leading agroecologists use for justifying their preference for small (frequently peasant) farms. In this review, small farms are defined as possessing a mean agricultural area of maximum two hectares, being family-owned, emphasizing outdoor production, and annually producing at least two different crops or livestock. Peasant farms are defined as subsistent small farms in developing countries. The review includes an overview of the current state of small farms and their most severe challenges. Agroecological publications of the last thirty years were scanned for arguments that sustain the hypothesis that small farms are more sustainable. It was found that there are no studies that directly compare the sustainability of farms based on their size. Instead, most studies cited to confirm the sustainability of small farms compare farms that differ in terms of both, size and farm management. Hence, it is likely that the reason for the advanced sustainability of small farms is their management, not their size. The assertion that small farms are a priori more sustainable than large ones is not supportable. Misleading use of the term “small farms” may impede the efforts of agroecology to stimulate sustainable food production.
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