Statistical Analysis on the Number of Discoveries and Discovery Scenarios of Near-Earth Asteroids

Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are a kind of small solar system bodies that may lead to potential hazard to the safety of the Earth. Currently, most of the NEAs are discovered with ground-based telescopes and the number is still growing. In order to provide references and experience to our future near-Earth asteroid discovery and monitoring, we perform a multi-dimensionally statistical analysis on the discovery data of NEAs with public database obtained from the website of Minor Planet Center (MPC). We find the constraint of observation ability can lead to selection effect on the discoveries, which causes a yearly dependence trend and a size-dependence characteristic of the relative proportion for different orbit types of discovered NEAs. Besides, combined with the orbits obtained from numerical simulations, we revisit the discovery scenarios of these objects. The position distribution of the objects under different celestial coordinate systems are obtained, and the dependence on seasons, observatory latitudes, and the diameters are analyzed. Finally, we quantify the impact of the Sun, the Moon, and the galactic plane on the discoveries by analyzing the observation data, and find that ground-based telescopes generally have difficulty in discovering NEAs within 90${}^{\circ }$ from the Sun direction, and that this limitation generally has a greater impact on smaller-sized objects. The lunar position also has a significant effect on the discoveries, with the restriction on the nights before and after the full Moon resulting in 29% of NEAs being undiscovered, and analysis shows that objects found in the first half of the lunar calendar month are generally more difficult to be followed than those found in the second half. The galactic plane, especially the direction near the galactic center, also has an effect on the discoveries, resulting in a season-dependent “blind spot” for observations near the ecliptic.