农村环境中的犯罪与安全:创新方法

IF 1.4 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY
V. Ceccato
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引用次数: 0

摘要

全球人口稀少地区的犯罪率较低,通常被视为犯罪不是这些地区主要问题的迹象。忽视城市以外的安全保障问题并非犯罪学独有。关于农村犯罪、受害和安全状况的知识如此匮乏,可能与缺乏可靠的官方数据和/或缺乏能够捕捉农村-城市连续体复杂性的方法有关。事实上,农村地区的数据稀缺和稀疏问题是犯罪学中使用的许多标准方法的一个限制因素,例如检测空间集中度的工具、风险度量和建模。我们还认为,研究农村背景下的犯罪和犯罪预防需要一套综合的、跨学科的理论和方法,这些理论和方法可以为处理来自相对较新来源的不断增加的数据提供指导,如众包、社交媒体和包括无人机在内的遥感。这期特刊的目的是促进在从偏远地区到城市边缘的农村环境中进行犯罪学研究的学术研究。这一原始研究集致力于犯罪和安全的数据准备、研究和分析过程。纳入的研究探索了传统和新形式的数据和/或方法,从主要来源(如采访、在线调查)和二级官方统计数据(如犯罪记录)到媒体报道(如报纸文章)、众包数据、社交媒体帖子等。方法从定性(如焦点小组、观察)到定量(如回归模型)各不相同,包括统计测量和地理信息系统。特别是,我们观察到,尽管地方在犯罪学中的作用越来越重要(Eck&Weisburd,1995),但许多传统的农村犯罪学文献即使在有数据的情况下也很少关注犯罪的地理特征。最近,地理学和其他相关领域的跨学科视角显示了采用空间方法处理农村和环境犯罪的优势(Ceccato,出版中)。我们认为,了解犯罪发生在哪里以及如何分布对于了解其性质和预防至关重要。因此,在本期特刊中,我们提供了一些研究的例子,这些研究批判性地讨论了捕捉犯罪动态的不同(空间)方法,以及沿着农村-城市连续体预防犯罪的最佳方法。这里使用了农村-城市连续体的概念来强调“在农村/城市差异的程度或数量上没有明显的突破点”(Planning Tank,2017),而是犯罪发生的空间中的人员和货物流动。本期特刊的内容采用国际、跨部门和/或性别知情的观点,阐述了一系列犯罪以及感知安全问题。贡献包括分析农村-城市连续体中的犯罪、受害情况、农村环境中犯罪和恐惧的决定因素、犯罪的时空模式以及居民和游客的安全观念。这期特刊的另一个特点是,它包括来自印度、瑞典、英国和日本的学者和从业者在社会学和犯罪学领域之外的多学科贡献。实况报道
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Crime and Safety in Rural Contexts: Innovative Methods
Lower crime rates in sparsely populated areas of the globe are often taken as a sign that crime is not a major concern in these areas. The negligence of safety and security issues outside the urban realm is not exclusive to criminology. Such paucity of knowledge on crime, victimization, and safety conditions in rural contexts can be associated with the inadequacy of reliable official data and/or the lack of methods capable of capturing the complexities of the rural–urban continuum. Indeed, issues of data scarcity and sparsity in rural areas are a limiting factor for many of the standard methods used in criminology, such as tools to detect spatial concentration, measures of risk and modelling. We also argue that the study of crime and crime prevention in rural contexts demands an integrated and interdisciplinary set of theories and methods that can provide guidance to deal with an ever-increasing amount of data from relatively new sources such as crowdsourcing, social media, and remote sensing including drones. The aim of this special issue is to advance the scholarship on conducting criminological research in rural contexts, from remote areas to the urban fringe. This collection of original research is devoted to the processes of preparation of data, execution of research and analysis of crime and safety. The included studies explore both traditional and new forms of data and/or methods, ranging from primary sources (e.g., interviews, online surveys) and secondary official statistical data (e.g., crime records) to media coverage (e.g., articles in newspapers), crowdsourced data, social media posts, and the like. Methods vary from qualitative (e.g., focus groups, observations) to quantitative (e.g., regression models), including statistical measures and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In particular, we have observed that although the role of place has become increasingly important in criminology (Eck & Weisburd, 1995), much of the traditional rural criminology literature has paid little attention to the geographical features of crime even when data were available. Recent interdisciplinary perspectives from geography and other related fields are showing the advantages of embracing a spatial approach to rural and environmental crime (Ceccato, in press). We hold that knowing where crime occurs and how it is distributed is important for understanding its nature and prevention. Therefore, in this special issue we offer examples of studies that critically discuss different (spatial) approaches to capturing crime dynamics as well as the best ways of preventing it along the rural– urban continuum. The concept of the rural–urban continuum is used here to stress the notion that ‘there are no sharp breaking points to be found in the degree or quantity of rural/urban differences’ (Planning Tank, 2017), rather a flow of people and goods in space where crime takes place. The contents of this special issue illustrate a wide range of crimes as well as issues of perceived safety, adopting international, intersectional, and/or gender-informed perspectives. Contributions have included the analysis of crime along the rural–urban continuum, victimization, determinants of crime and fear in rural contexts, spatio-temporal patterns of crime and safety perceptions among residents and visitors. Another feature of this special issue is that it includes multidisciplinary contributions beyond the fields of sociology and criminology, by academics and practitioners, from India, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Commentary
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来源期刊
International Criminal Justice Review
International Criminal Justice Review CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY-
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
6.20%
发文量
16
期刊介绍: International Criminal Justice Review is a scholarly journal dedicated to presenting system wide trends and problems on crime and justice throughout the world. Articles may focus on a single country or compare issues affecting two or more countries. Both qualitative and quantitative pieces are encouraged, providing they adhere to standards of quality scholarship. Manuscripts may emphasize either contemporary or historical topics. As a peer-reviewed journal, we encourage the submission of articles, research notes, and commentaries that focus on crime and broadly defined justice-related topics in an international and/or comparative context.
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