A Review of Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction: The algorithmic use of neurostimulation to treat chronic pain is routine. However, it is underutilized in managing pain and other symptoms relating to cardiovascular dysfunctions. The goal of this article is to focus on the clinical results from using spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the realm of cardiovascular medicine. Material and Methods: The current literature was reviewed, summarized and tabulated. This manuscript contains results from systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials and observational study search results on PubMed spanning the last 30 years. The of fi cial positioning statement from the International Neuromodulation Society Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC) was also highlighted. Results: Evidence supports that SCS is asafe, reversible, minimally-invasive and ef fi cacious modality to mitigate chronic symptoms of refractory angina pectoris and critical limb ischemia. Discussion: Spinal cord stimulation is effective in providing relief, improve quality of life and functional mobility in patients living with ischemic pain of systemic arterial occlusive disease. Conclusion: Spinal cord stimulation should be considered early in the treatment algorithm among individuals with inoperable ischemic pain. achieved better limb salvage, pain control and lower pain medication requirement. No ulcer rate healing differences were found.