Therese Ramberg Sivertsen;棕熊捕食半驯化驯鹿幼崽的风险——捕食模式、棕熊与驯鹿的相互作用和景观异质性

Rangifer Pub Date : 2017-06-28 DOI:10.7557/2.37.1.4139
T. Sivertsen
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引用次数: 2

摘要

随着欧洲和北美北方生态系统中大型食肉动物种群的恢复,有必要了解捕食者群落的这些变化如何影响猎物种群和生态系统。此外,人类与野生动物的冲突经常给大型食肉动物与人类共存带来挑战,这通常是由于对牲畜的捕食。在瑞典,棕熊(Ursus arctos)的分布范围与驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus tarandus)的放牧区基本重叠,但对熊捕食可能造成的损失知之甚少。此外,关于芬诺斯坎迪亚半驯化驯鹿和棕熊之间的行为互动,几乎没有信息。在这篇论文中,我提供了来自瑞典北部两个森林驯鹿放牧区的数据,表明在森林产仔场,棕熊对驯鹿新生儿的捕食可能相当大。此外,棕熊的捕食时间非常有限,集中在驯鹿幼崽出生后的头几周。此外,使用全球定位系统的位置数据来比较驯鹿产仔场上棕熊和驯鹿的资源选择,表明棕熊为寻找驯鹿而进行的行为调整可能在驯鹿日常和季节性改变资源选择方面主导了反捕食者的反应。尽管如此,对驯鹿幼崽捕杀地的空间分布进行的更深入调查表明,使用清晰的切口、更高的海拔和更靠近大型道路的区域可能会降低熊被捕食的风险。然而,尽管砍伐可能在短期内为驯鹿的生存带来好处,但随着幼林数量的增加,伐木最终可能会对驯鹿产生负面影响,幼林是棕熊的首选栖息地。最后,利用瑞典七个放牧区的驯鹿迁徙和棕熊密度数据,我发现雌性驯鹿被熊捕食的风险更高,偏离最佳觅食方式的次数更多,迁徙速度也会增加,这可能会导致身体状况下降,进而可能对种群动态产生影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Therese Ramberg Sivertsen; Risk of brown bear predation on semi-domesticated reindeer calves – Predation patterns, brown bear–reindeer interactions and landscape heterogeneity
As large carnivore populations are recovering in northern boreal ecosystems of Europe and North America, there is a need to understand how these changes in predator communities influence prey populations and ecosystems. Moreover, human-wildlife conflicts are frequently causing challenges where large carnivores coexist with humans, often due to predation on livestock. In Sweden the brown bear (Ursus arctos) distributional range largely overlaps with the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) herding area, but knowledge of potential losses to bear predation has been scarce. Also, little information exists on the behavioral interactions between semi-domesticated reindeer and brown bears in Fennoscandia. In this thesis I present data from two forest reindeer herding districts in Northern Sweden, showing that brown bear predation on reindeer neonates can be considerable on forested calving grounds. Also, brown bear predation was very limited in time, concentrated to the first weeks following birth of the reindeer calves. Moreover, using GPS location data to compare brown bear and reindeer resource selection on the reindeer calving ground, indicated that brown bear behavioral adjustments to search for reindeer possibly dominate over antipredator responses by reindeer in terms of altered resource selection on a daily and seasonal basis. Nevertheless, a closer investigation of the spatial distributions of reindeer calf kill sites suggested that use of clear-cuts, higher elevations and areas closer to large roads may reduce risk of bear predation. However, even though clear-cuts may provide advantages for survival in the short term, logging may eventually yield negative effects for the reindeer, as abundance of young forest increase, which is a preferred habitat by brown bears. Finally, using data on reindeer movements and brown bear density from seven herding districts in Sweden I show that reindeer females experiencing higher risk of bear predation, deviate more from optimal foraging and increase movement rates, which may lead to lower body condition and, in turn, possible consequences for population dynamics.
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