新西兰的科学、政策和可持续的本土林业

IF 1.5 4区 农林科学 Q2 FORESTRY
M. McGlone, P. Bellingham, S. Richardson
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引用次数: 4

摘要

背景:超过80%的新西兰原生森林为公共所有,禁止采伐,私人原生森林的采伐仅限于可持续采伐。这种限制在全球范围内是极不寻常的,只是在20世纪的最后几十年才实施。以前,国家的目标是永久地生产本地木材。在这里,我们回顾了林业科学在这一成果中的作用,特别是与新西兰林业局采取的政策和做法有关的作用。结果:早在1900年,人们就认识到,经济上可行的原生森林木材生产管理充其量是边际的。然而,林务局从1919年成立到1987年废除,一直主张对土著森林进行可持续的商业管理。但是,它没有使任何重要地区纳入这种管理,也没有阻止大片原始森林转为外来种植园或农业。如果多种因素(城市化、政治动荡、保护运动的兴起和经济贡献的下降)没有削弱省级采伐倡导的影响力,那么土著森林的采伐将一直持续到高针叶树物种的商业枯竭。林业研究在这个故事中扮演了次要的角色,因为它关注的是土著森林栽培的技术问题(例如,双树、群体、单树采伐方法),而变化的主要驱动因素是经济、社会和文化。结论:只有当继续采伐的政治成本大于停止采伐的政治成本时,具有商业价值的原生森林才会得到保护。然而,目前的政策设置是否会保持是一个悬而未决的问题。治理的变化(包括Māori参与的增加)、土地利用的变化、种植的原生森林和外来原生森林社区的形成将影响公众对其使用的态度。如果土著林业科学要比过去更重要,新西兰将需要明确的林业目标和政策来应对这些变化的环境,以及实施这些目标和政策的意愿。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Science, policy, and sustainable indigenous forestry in New Zealand
Background: Over 80% of New Zealand’s indigenous forests are in public ownership with logging prohibited, and logging of private indigenous forests is restricted to sustainable harvesting only. Such limitations are highly unusual globally and were imposed only in the last few decades of the 20th century. Previously, the national goal had been indigenous wood production in perpetuity. Here we review the role of forestry science in this outcome, and in particular in relation to the policies and practices adopted by the New Zealand Forest Service. Methods: Literature review Results: As early as 1900, it was recognised that economically viable management of indigenous forests for timber production was marginal at best. Nevertheless, the Forest Service, from its formation in 1919 to its abolition in 1987, advocated sustainable commercial management of indigenous forests. However, it failed to bring any significant areas under such management nor prevented conversion of substantial tracts of old-growth forest to exotic plantations or agriculture. Indigenous forest logging would have continued until commercial exhaustion of tall conifer species if a confluence of factors (urbanization, political upheaval, rise of an assertive conservation movement, and declining economic contribution) had not weakened the influence of provincial logging advocacy. Forestry research played a minor role in this saga as it focused on the technical issues of indigenous silviculture (e.g., coupe vs group vs single-tree harvesting methods) while the main drivers of change were economic, social, and cultural. Conclusions: Commercially valuable indigenous forests were protected only when the political cost of continuing logging was greater than that of halting it. However, it is an open question if the current policy settings will remain. Changes in governance (including increased Māori participation), land use change, planted indigenous forests and formation of exotic-indigenous forest communities will affect public attitudes as regards their use. If indigenous forestry science is to be of more consequence than in the past, New Zealand will need clear forestry goals and policies to deal with these changed circumstances, and the will to implement them.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.20
自引率
13.30%
发文量
20
审稿时长
39 weeks
期刊介绍: The New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science is an international journal covering the breadth of forestry science. Planted forests are a particular focus but manuscripts on a wide range of forestry topics will also be considered. The journal''s scope covers forestry species, which are those capable of reaching at least five metres in height at maturity in the place they are located, but not grown or managed primarily for fruit or nut production.
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