Effects of Diet and Exercise on Metabolic Parameters and Health in Moderate to Advanced Kidney Disease

Metabolic derangements such as obesity, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress are commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are implicated in the exaggerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk observed in this patient population. Lifestyle interventions including healthy dietary patterns and exercise training have been proven effective in modifying these CVD risk factors in the general population. The efficacy and safety of these interventions in CKD patients remain elusive. This review article aims to provide a summary of the current evidence on the effects of different types of dietary and exercise interventions on metabolic biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with moderate to advanced CKD.