CRISPR use in diagnosis and therapy for COVID-19.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many diagnostic approaches (RT-qPCR, RAPID, LFA) have been adopted, with RT-qPCR being the most popular/gold standard. But, one of the major problems of COVID-19 diagnostics is the presentation of a wide range of symptoms which varies among different patients and needs early diagnosis for better management. Even though RT-qPCR is a precise molecular technique false negative results may be obtained. On the other hand, CRISPR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection approaches are cost and time efficient, highly sensitive and specific, and do not require sophisticated instruments. Moreover, they also show promise for increased scalability and diagnostic tests can be carried out at the point-of-care (POC). The CRISPR can be customized to the target of any genomic region of interest within the desired genome possessing a broad range of other applications and has been efficiently implemented for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The CRISPR/Cas systems provide the specific gene targeting with immense potential to develop new generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Moreover, with the CRISPR/Cas based therapeutics, multiplexing is possible, where different sgRNAs or crRNAs can be guided to more than one target within the same gene thus decreasing the possibility of viral escape mutants. As an exceptionally efficient tool CRISPR/Cas13 and CARVER (Cas13-assisted restriction of viral expression and readout) systems can be implemented to target a broad range of ssRNA viruses that can be used for both, diagnosis and treatment for a variety of viral diseases including SARS-CoV-2. However, the efficacy and safety of the CRISPR-based therapeutics needs to be assessed in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Although the CRISPR biotechnologies are not very helpful to control the present pandemic of COVID-19 it is hopeful that the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system can be overcome in the near future. The CRISPR based strategies may lead to a new era in the field of disease diagnosis and therapeutic development that would make us better prepared for future viral threats.