A user-centric optimization of emergency map symbols to facilitate common operational picture

ABSTRACT Common operational understanding among engaged emergency responders is facilitated through shared operational pictures during crisis situations. Sharing is typically achieved through interactive tools, either desktop or web-based, in which map displays play an essential role. That role can be further strengthened if (1) agreed emergency symbols that are used in map-based interactive tools are sufficient to encode multifaceted operational information visually; and (2) the symbols are legible and meaningful for the diverse users of those tools. The authors revisited official emergency map symbols in use in Norway and reconsidered them against current requirements. To this end, they first conducted several meetings with stakeholders to elicit adequate revision requirements. Next, the reconsideration included the extension of the symbol set, symbol modification, and grouping. After the reconsideration, emergency management officers and specialists were interviewed. The interviews confirmed the agreement with the symbol categorization, extension of the symbols, and their modifications. The interviewees also made numerous suggestions to be considered in a follow-up study. Moreover, two concepts – symbol standardization and symbol harmonization – were proposed.