什么是超级语义?*

IF 1.6 1区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY
P. Schlenker
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引用次数: 19

摘要

形式语义学诞生于试图陈述明确规则来预测自然语言句子的真实性条件。但这一目标可以超越狭义的语言,扩展到自然界中的各种表征系统。这是符号学程序的一部分(例如Morris 1938),被解释为符号的一般理论;但它从未被整合到形式语义学的研究程序中。我们主张这样一种一体化,理由有两个。首先,与语言特性相互作用或显示出无争议语言特性的对象类别比最初想象的要大。口语,尤其是手语,利用了丰富的标志性资源,这些资源与逻辑结构相互作用,但如果没有“具有象似性的形式语义”,就无法捕获。此外,最近对手势、言语和手势的比较有力地表明,语言是多模态的,手势是语言世界的完全公民:当它们与单词共同出现或跟随单词时,它们会触发熟悉的推理类型(前提或补充);当它们完全取代单词时,它们的信息内容会被划分在推理类型学中熟悉的位置,它们甚至遵循“手势语法”,这在一定程度上让人想起手语语法。其次,独立于这些语言内部动机,所提出的扩展导致了自然界意义操作的更广泛的类型学,包括动物意义、图像意义、音乐意义等等。这使得探索这些领域之间的新联系成为可能,例如声音和手势象似性之间,音乐推理和动物信号之间,或者视觉叙事和音乐之间。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
What is Super Semantics? *
Formal semantics was born from an attempt to state explicit rules to predict the truth conditions of natural language sentences. But this goal can be extended beyond language stricto sensu, to a variety of representational systems in nature. This was part of the program of semiotics (e.g. Morris 1938), construed as a general theory of signs; but it never got integrated to the research program of formal semantics. We argue for such an integration, on two general grounds. First, the class of objects that interact with or display uncontroversially linguistic properties is larger than was initially thought. Spoken and especially sign language make use of rich iconic resources which interact with logical structure but cannot be captured without a 'formal semantics with iconicity'. In addition, recent comparisons between sign, speech and gestures strongly suggest that language is multi-modal and that gestures are full citizens of the linguistic world: they trigger familiar inferential types (presuppositions or supplements) when they co-occur with or follow words; and when they fully replace words, their informational content gets divided among familiar slots of the inferential typology, and they even follow a 'gestural grammar' that is in part reminiscent of sign language grammar. Second, independently from these language-internal motivations, the proposed extension leads to a far broader typology of meaning operations in nature, one that includes animal meanings, pictorial meanings, musical meanings, and more. This makes it possible to explore new connections among these domains, for instance between vocal and gestural iconicity, between musical inferences and animal signals, or between visual narratives and music.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
0.00%
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