Dihydroartemisinin Triggers Ferroptosis in Multidrug-Resistant Leukemia Cells.

The molecular mechanisms and role of ferroptosis in tumor drug resistance remain unclear. In this study, we found that multidrug-resistant (MDR) K562/adriamycin (ADM) leukemia cells possessed higher glutathione (GSH) levels and iron-regulatory protein 2 (IRP2), transferrin receptor, ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and peroxidase-4 (GPX4) expression than parental drug-sensitive K562 leukemia cells. These elevations might have increased the antioxidant ability of K562/ADM cells and granted them increased buffering capacity against iron disorder, protecting them from ferroptosis and favoring drug resistance. However, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) restrained MDR K562/ADM cell viability and enhanced the sensitivity to ADM by strengthening ferroptosis induced by downregulation of GSH levels and GPX4, IRP2, and FTH expression, upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the consequent suppression of total serine/threonine kinase (AKT), total mammalian target of rapamycin (t-mTOR), phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), and p-mTOR/t-mTOR levels. Moreover, compared with K562 cells, MDR K562/ADM cells exhibited greater ROS increases, GSH decreases, and viability rescue after ferroptosis inhibitor treatment owing to further suppression of FTH1, GPX4, p-mTOR, and p-mTOR/t-mTOR. Collectively, the increase in oxidative damage and the blockade of antioxidant defence shaped DHA-induced ferroptosis, which was responsible for the sensitivity of MDR leukemia cells to DHA. Regulating iron homeostasis/ROS/AKT/mTOR might be a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for sensitizing drug-resistant leukemia.