{"title":"1921年西匈牙利起义中的波斯尼亚人","authors":"Zoltán Bolek","doi":"10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.56","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, I describe the struggles of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, and the lives and activities of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers who took part in it. Hungary ended the First World War among the losers. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was dissolved, and Romania, Serbia, and the fledgling Czechoslovakia, among the states surrounding Hungary, made territorial claims on the Hungarian state. The nationalities living on the territory of Hungary declared their secession one after the other, and the country lost territory to neighbouring states one after the other. The territories under foreign occupation also included many Hungarian minorities, and more than two-thirds of the country’s territory was under foreign occupation. The population of the country was dismayed, but when the Council of State of the former ally, Austria, announced its territorial claim to Western Hungary on 17 November 1918, the population was outraged. The Hungarian leadership attempted to negotiate with the Austrian leadership, raising the possibility of partitioning the territory, but the Austrians refused to make a deal. On 10 September 1919, the Entente approved the Austrian territorial claims in the Treaty of St. Germain. On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, in which the Kingdom of Hungary lost more than two-thirds of its territory, and the annexation of Western Hungary to Austria was confirmed. After the signing of the peace treaty, Hungary was forced to evacuate Western Hungary. The territory was divided into two parts, the so-called “A “and “B” zones. The former was today’s Burgenland, the latter Sopron, and its surroundings. However, the Hungarians did not give up. In the meantime, however, the recruitment of volunteer troops had begun, the nucleus of which was the “Ragged Guard”, formed on 18 April 1918. under the leadership of Iván Héjjas. The rebels were mostly made up of demobilised soldiers, farmers, students, and railwaymen, but they were also joined by Bosnian and Albanian volunteers led by Hilmi Hussein Durić, one of whom, Ahmed, was later killed in action against the Austrians. I will write in detail about the antecedents of the Uprising in West Hungary, its main leaders, Pál Prónay and Iván Héjjas, and the soldiers who fought in their units. I pay special attention to the travel of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers to Western Hungary, the organisational circumstances, and the battles themselves. I have tried to identify the Albanian and Bosnian fighters involved in the uprising, using all the sources I can find. I will also write in detail about the two battles of Ágfalva and the battle of Kirchslag and other smaller skirmishes. I will also outline the circumstances of the proclamation of “Lajtabánság” (“Banat of Leytha”), and its existence. I will also devote a great deal of attention to the aftermath of the successful uprising and the subsequent fate of the Muslim veterans. The Bosnian and Albanian Muslim fighters, veterans of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, kept in touch with each other and their former superiors between the two world wars and successfully integrated into Hungarian society. The focus of this paper is to present the relevant Hungarian memoir literature. In addition to these sources, I drew from the books “The Uprising in West Hungary” (“Nyugat magyarországi felkelés”) by Lajos Missuray-Krug and “My Experiences of the West Hungarian War of Independence” (“Élményeim a nyugat-magyarországi szabadságharcból “) by Viktor Maderschpach.","PeriodicalId":52780,"journal":{"name":"Historijski pogledi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Bosniaks in the 1921 Uprising in West Hungary\",\"authors\":\"Zoltán Bolek\",\"doi\":\"10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.56\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"In the present study, I describe the struggles of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, and the lives and activities of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers who took part in it. Hungary ended the First World War among the losers. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was dissolved, and Romania, Serbia, and the fledgling Czechoslovakia, among the states surrounding Hungary, made territorial claims on the Hungarian state. The nationalities living on the territory of Hungary declared their secession one after the other, and the country lost territory to neighbouring states one after the other. The territories under foreign occupation also included many Hungarian minorities, and more than two-thirds of the country’s territory was under foreign occupation. The population of the country was dismayed, but when the Council of State of the former ally, Austria, announced its territorial claim to Western Hungary on 17 November 1918, the population was outraged. The Hungarian leadership attempted to negotiate with the Austrian leadership, raising the possibility of partitioning the territory, but the Austrians refused to make a deal. On 10 September 1919, the Entente approved the Austrian territorial claims in the Treaty of St. Germain. On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, in which the Kingdom of Hungary lost more than two-thirds of its territory, and the annexation of Western Hungary to Austria was confirmed. After the signing of the peace treaty, Hungary was forced to evacuate Western Hungary. The territory was divided into two parts, the so-called “A “and “B” zones. The former was today’s Burgenland, the latter Sopron, and its surroundings. However, the Hungarians did not give up. In the meantime, however, the recruitment of volunteer troops had begun, the nucleus of which was the “Ragged Guard”, formed on 18 April 1918. under the leadership of Iván Héjjas. The rebels were mostly made up of demobilised soldiers, farmers, students, and railwaymen, but they were also joined by Bosnian and Albanian volunteers led by Hilmi Hussein Durić, one of whom, Ahmed, was later killed in action against the Austrians. I will write in detail about the antecedents of the Uprising in West Hungary, its main leaders, Pál Prónay and Iván Héjjas, and the soldiers who fought in their units. I pay special attention to the travel of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers to Western Hungary, the organisational circumstances, and the battles themselves. I have tried to identify the Albanian and Bosnian fighters involved in the uprising, using all the sources I can find. I will also write in detail about the two battles of Ágfalva and the battle of Kirchslag and other smaller skirmishes. I will also outline the circumstances of the proclamation of “Lajtabánság” (“Banat of Leytha”), and its existence. I will also devote a great deal of attention to the aftermath of the successful uprising and the subsequent fate of the Muslim veterans. The Bosnian and Albanian Muslim fighters, veterans of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, kept in touch with each other and their former superiors between the two world wars and successfully integrated into Hungarian society. The focus of this paper is to present the relevant Hungarian memoir literature. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
在本研究中,我描述了20世纪21年代的斗争。西匈牙利的起义,以及参加起义的波斯尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚士兵的生活和活动。匈牙利是第一次世界大战的战败国之一。奥匈帝国解体了,罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚和刚刚起步的捷克斯洛伐克,以及匈牙利周围的国家,都向匈牙利提出了领土要求。居住在匈牙利领土上的各民族一个接一个地宣布脱离匈牙利,匈牙利的领土也一个接一个地让给邻国。外国占领的领土还包括许多匈牙利少数民族,该国三分之二以上的领土处于外国占领之下。这个国家的人民感到沮丧,但当前盟友奥地利的国务委员会于1918年11月17日宣布其对西匈牙利的领土要求时,人民感到愤怒。匈牙利领导人试图与奥地利领导人谈判,提出瓜分领土的可能性,但奥地利人拒绝达成协议。1919年9月10日,协约国在圣日耳曼条约中批准了奥地利的领土要求。1920年6月4日,《特里亚农条约》签署,匈牙利王国失去了超过三分之二的领土,西匈牙利被奥地利吞并。和平条约签订后,匈牙利被迫撤离西匈牙利。领土被分为两部分,即所谓的“A”区和“B”区。前者是今天的布尔根兰,后者是索普隆及其周围地区。然而,匈牙利人并没有放弃。然而,与此同时,志愿军的招募工作已经开始,其核心是1918年4月18日成立的“衣衫褴褛的卫队”。在Iván hsamjjas的领导下叛军主要由复员士兵、农民、学生和铁路工人组成,但也有希尔米·侯赛因·杜里奇(Hilmi Hussein duriki)领导的波斯尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚志愿者加入,其中一人艾哈迈德(Ahmed)后来在对抗奥地利人的行动中丧生。我将详细描述西匈牙利起义的起因、主要领导人Pál Prónay和Iván h jjas,以及在各自部队作战的士兵。我特别关注波斯尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚士兵前往西匈牙利的旅行、组织情况和战斗本身。我利用我能找到的所有资料,试图找出参与起义的阿尔巴尼亚和波斯尼亚战士。我还将详细介绍Ágfalva和Kirchslag的两场战役以及其他较小的小规模战斗。我还将概述宣布“Lajtabánság”(“Leytha的Banat”)的情况及其存在。我还将大量关注这次成功起义的后果以及穆斯林老兵的命运。波斯尼亚和阿尔巴尼亚的穆斯林战士,1921年的老兵。在两次世界大战之间,他们彼此保持联系,并与他们的前任上司保持联系,并成功融入匈牙利社会。本文的重点是介绍相关的匈牙利回忆录文学。除了这些资料外,我还从Lajos Missuray-Krug的《西匈牙利起义》(“Nyugat magyarországi felkel郁闷”)和Viktor Maderschpach的《我在西匈牙利独立战争中的经历》(“Élményeim a nyugat-magyarországi szabadságharcból”)中汲取灵感。
In the present study, I describe the struggles of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, and the lives and activities of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers who took part in it. Hungary ended the First World War among the losers. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was dissolved, and Romania, Serbia, and the fledgling Czechoslovakia, among the states surrounding Hungary, made territorial claims on the Hungarian state. The nationalities living on the territory of Hungary declared their secession one after the other, and the country lost territory to neighbouring states one after the other. The territories under foreign occupation also included many Hungarian minorities, and more than two-thirds of the country’s territory was under foreign occupation. The population of the country was dismayed, but when the Council of State of the former ally, Austria, announced its territorial claim to Western Hungary on 17 November 1918, the population was outraged. The Hungarian leadership attempted to negotiate with the Austrian leadership, raising the possibility of partitioning the territory, but the Austrians refused to make a deal. On 10 September 1919, the Entente approved the Austrian territorial claims in the Treaty of St. Germain. On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, in which the Kingdom of Hungary lost more than two-thirds of its territory, and the annexation of Western Hungary to Austria was confirmed. After the signing of the peace treaty, Hungary was forced to evacuate Western Hungary. The territory was divided into two parts, the so-called “A “and “B” zones. The former was today’s Burgenland, the latter Sopron, and its surroundings. However, the Hungarians did not give up. In the meantime, however, the recruitment of volunteer troops had begun, the nucleus of which was the “Ragged Guard”, formed on 18 April 1918. under the leadership of Iván Héjjas. The rebels were mostly made up of demobilised soldiers, farmers, students, and railwaymen, but they were also joined by Bosnian and Albanian volunteers led by Hilmi Hussein Durić, one of whom, Ahmed, was later killed in action against the Austrians. I will write in detail about the antecedents of the Uprising in West Hungary, its main leaders, Pál Prónay and Iván Héjjas, and the soldiers who fought in their units. I pay special attention to the travel of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers to Western Hungary, the organisational circumstances, and the battles themselves. I have tried to identify the Albanian and Bosnian fighters involved in the uprising, using all the sources I can find. I will also write in detail about the two battles of Ágfalva and the battle of Kirchslag and other smaller skirmishes. I will also outline the circumstances of the proclamation of “Lajtabánság” (“Banat of Leytha”), and its existence. I will also devote a great deal of attention to the aftermath of the successful uprising and the subsequent fate of the Muslim veterans. The Bosnian and Albanian Muslim fighters, veterans of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, kept in touch with each other and their former superiors between the two world wars and successfully integrated into Hungarian society. The focus of this paper is to present the relevant Hungarian memoir literature. In addition to these sources, I drew from the books “The Uprising in West Hungary” (“Nyugat magyarországi felkelés”) by Lajos Missuray-Krug and “My Experiences of the West Hungarian War of Independence” (“Élményeim a nyugat-magyarországi szabadságharcból “) by Viktor Maderschpach.