Three-dimensional acoustic radiation force of a eukaryotic cell arbitrarily positioned in a Gaussian beam

Expressions are derived for calculating the three-dimensional acoustic radiation force (ARF) on a multilayer microsphere positioned arbitrarily in a Gaussian beam. A theoretical model of a three-layer microsphere with a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus is established to study how particle geometry and position affect the three-dimensional ARF, and its results agree well with finite-element numerical results. The microsphere can be moved relative to the beam axis by changing its structure and position in the beam, and the axial ARF increases with increasing outer-shell thickness and core size. This study offers a theoretical foundation for selecting suitable parameters for manipulating a three-layer microsphere in a Gaussian beam.