A growing problem in childhood and adolescence: Metabolic syndrome and its relationship with physical activity and fitness

Metabolic syndrome (MetS); is defined as a life-threatening endocrinopathy in which systemic disorders such as insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease are combined. Although, it is generally known as a problem of adults, it emerges as an essential problem in childhood and adolescence. MetS, closely related to obesity, is increasing due to bad eating habits and sedentary lifestyles. The pathophysiology of MetS has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, lifestyle changes, especially diet and physical activity, are the cornerstones of MetS treatment. In general, both physical activity and fitness; appear to be separately and independently associated with metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Although, studies show that activities that increase physical activity levels and improve aerobic fitness cause a decrease in the risk of MetS; a definitive prescription for exercise has not been established at this time. This review aimed to review the definition, classification, and factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of MetS, as well as to evaluate the relationship between MetS and physical activity and aerobic fitness in children.