Shear rheology of a dilute suspension of thin rings

The rheology of suspensions of rings (tori) rotating in an unbounded low Reynolds number simple shear flow is calculated using numerical simulations at dilute particle number densities [Formula: see text]. Suspensions of non-Brownian rings are studied by computing pair interactions that include hydrodynamic interactions modeled using slender body theory and particle collisions modeled using a short-range repulsive force. Particle contact and hydrodynamic interactions were found to have comparable influences on the steady-state Jeffery orbit distribution. The average tilt of the ring away from the flow-vorticity plane increased during pairwise interactions compared to the tilt associated with Jeffery rotation and the steady-state orbit distribution. Particle stresses associated with the increased tilt during the interaction were found to be comparable to the stresses induced directly by particle contact forces and the hydrodynamic velocity disturbances of other particles. The hydrodynamic diffusivity coefficients in the gradient and vorticity directions were also obtained and were found to be two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding values in fiber suspensions at the same particle concentrations. Rotary Brownian dynamics simulations of isolated Brownian rings were used to understand the shear rate dependence of suspension rheology. The orbit distribution observed in the regime of weak Brownian motion, [Formula: see text], was surprisingly similar to that obtained from pairwise interaction calculations of non-Brownian rings. Here, the Peclet number [Formula: see text] is the ratio of the shear rate and the rotary diffusivity of the particle and [Formula: see text] is the effective inverse-aspect ratio of the particle (approximately equal to [Formula: see text] times the inverse of its non-dimensional Jeffery time period). Thus, the rheology results obtained from pairwise interactions should retain accuracy even for weakly Brownian rings [Formula: see text].