Nanotherapeutics in Tumour Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy

Cancer continues to be the most annihilating illness and despite vast research in understanding cancer biology as well as rational drug designing progressing profoundly, cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide. The conventional chemotherapeutic agents being exploited for cancer therapy contain several limitations, including less selectivity, nonspecific targeting and high off-target effects, and the emergence of multidrug resistance. These drawbacks can be addressed by employing the use of nanotherapeutics. The main objective of this review is to summarize various mechanisms of cancer genesis. It focuses on several strategies employed for modifying nano formulations for localization and emerging stimuli-based nanotherapeutics with recent examples. The method involved the collection of the articles from different search engines like Google, PubMed, and ScienceDirect for the literature to get appropriate information regarding the topics. Studies revealed that nanoscale-based therapy provides targeted delivery, minimizes the off-target effects, and improves the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment modalities. The characteristics of nanoparticles like larger surface area become favourable and provide a platform for surface modifications, thereby improving cell targeting, internalization, and opportunities for delivering multiple agents. Advances in rational designing like stimuli-responsive therapies employing the use of sensitive nanocarriers, further provide high specificity, controlled release, and more efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Characteristics of the nanoscale delivery system like larger surface area provide us with ample options for desired modifications, hence providing multimodal delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Nano therapy serves well as a potential tool for improving cancer therapies.