The Hero’s Journey and Three Types of Metaphor in Pixar Animation

ABSTRACT Despite the fact that cinema and animation have common features, one of the fundamental differences between them is that animation uses metaphors much more freely. This current study explores this feature of animation and analyzes how the use of metaphors affects the narrative and plot structure of full- and short-length animation. The study is based on the narrative analysis of eight films made by Pixar Animation Studio, as a successful company that produces both full- and short-length animated films. The concept of monomyth, which was formulated by Joseph Campbell, in 1949, and had a significant impact on the contemporary film industry, allows me to describe the structure of each of the selected examples. Such a formal approach to describing the plot structure, in turn, makes it possible to trace the impact of the extended metaphor on these plots. As a result, this study reveals and describes three main types of creative metaphors in the context of storytelling: supportive, action-forming and destructive. It appears that the supportive metaphor is used in all of the examined films, while action-forming and destructive metaphors relate to short-length animation only. The individual features of using these types of metaphors in full- and short-length animation are revealed in the concluding parts of the research.