成瘾的神经行为方法:对阿片类药物流行和成瘾心理学的影响

IF 18.2 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Antoine Bechara, Kent C Berridge, Warren K Bickel, Jose A Morón, Sidney B Williams, Jeffrey S Stein
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引用次数: 0

摘要

关于成瘾行为的两个主要问题需要用任何有价值的神经生物学理论来解释。首先,为什么人们首先会寻求毒品?第二,为什么有些吸毒者最终似乎无法抗拒毒品诱惑,从而“上瘾”?我们将回顾成瘾理论,这些理论涉及对药物使用的消极强化观点(即服用阿片类药物以缓解痛苦或戒断)、积极强化观点(如服用药物以获得快感)、习惯观点(即自动药物使用习惯的增长)、,激励致敏观点(即多巴胺相关致敏导致过度“想要”服药的增长)和认知功能障碍观点(即前额叶自上而下的控制受损),包括涉及竞争性神经行为决策系统(CNDS)的观点,以及脑岛在调节成瘾性药物渴求中的作用。在阿片类药物的特殊情况下,特别注意其镇痛作用是否与其增强作用重叠,以及服用合法药物阿片类(通常由卫生专业人员开具处方)的低风险是否会在决定使用中发挥作用。具体而言,我们将解决吸毒成瘾的倾向或脆弱性问题(即,为什么一些尝试吸毒的人会上瘾,而另一些人不会)。最后,我们回顾了开发有助于预防阿片类药物和其他药物滥用的新治疗策略和政策理念的尝试。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction.

Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become "addicted"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive "wanting" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.

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来源期刊
Psychological Science in the Public Interest
Psychological Science in the Public Interest PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
44.80
自引率
0.40%
发文量
7
期刊介绍: Psychological Science in the Public Interest (PSPI) is a distinctive journal that provides in-depth and compelling reviews on issues directly relevant to the general public. Authored by expert teams with diverse perspectives, these reviews aim to evaluate the current state-of-the-science on various topics. PSPI reports have addressed issues such as questioning the validity of the Rorschach and other projective tests, examining strategies to maintain cognitive sharpness in aging brains, and highlighting concerns within the field of clinical psychology. Notably, PSPI reports are frequently featured in Scientific American Mind and covered by various major media outlets.
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