Multi-Objective Optimization for Weld Track Geometry in Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of ER308L Stainless Steel

In this research, the weld track geometry in wire-arc DED (directed energy deposition) of ER308L stainless steel was predicted and optimized. The studied geometrical attributes of weld tracks include weld track width ( WTW ), weld track height ( WTH ), and contact angle ( α ). The experiment was designed based on Taguchi method with three variables (current I , voltage U , and weld velocity v ) and four levels for each variable. The ANOVA was adopted to evaluate the accuracy of the models and impact levels of variables on the responses. The TOPSIS method was utilized to predict the optimal variables. The results indicated that the predicted models were built with high accuracy levels ( R 2 = 98.92%, 98.77%, and 98.91% for WTW , WTH , and α , respectively). Among the studied variables, U features the highest effects on WTW and  with 78.56% and 69.90% of contribution, respectively, while v is the variable that has the most impact on WTH with 39.82% of contribution. The optimal variables predicted by TOPSIS were U = 23 V, I = 140 A, and v = 300 mm/min, which allows building components with stable and regular geometry.