生态学与生理学:表型可塑性和动物适应不断变化的环境条件的能力

IF 2.3
J. Hildebrandt
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引用次数: 0

摘要

增生和肥大,或其对应的发育不全和发育不全,是动物在改变的环境条件下根据需要调整器官大小和功能的因素。由于这些过程在能源和生物材料方面是昂贵的,因此假设它们对个体的生存是有益的。动物进行这种调整的能力和调整范围的局限性被认为是适应性遗传特征,这种特征使个体动物能够在其栖息地环境条件的定期变化中生存下来,只要这种变化保持在临界范围内。鸭的单一功能腺体的重组,为动物从体内排出过量摄入的盐提供服务,是器官结构复杂塑性变化的一个例子。这些盐腺的表型调整既包括可逆过程,即当环境条件切换回原始状态时(“表型弹性”),也包括不可逆过程(狭义上的“表型可塑性”)。随着非模式动物基因组或转录组信息的增加,我们将更好地了解动物在自然环境中这种表型调整的生物学意义及其潜在的分子机制。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Ecology Meets Physiology: Phenotypic Plasticity and the Ability of Animals to Adjust to Changing Environmental Conditions
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy, or their counterparts hypoplasia and hypotrophy, are elements of the adjustment of organ size and function in animals according to their needs under altered environmental conditions. As such processes are costly in terms of energy and biomaterials, it is assumed that they are beneficial for the survival of the individual. The ability of animals to perform such adjustments and the limitations in the scope of the adjustments are considered to be adaptive genetic traits which enable individual animals to survive regularly occurring changes in the environmental conditions in their habitats as long as such changes stay within critical limits. The restructuring of mono-functional glands in ducklings, which serve the animals in getting rid of excess amounts of ingested salt from the body, is presented as an example of complex plastic changes in organ structure. Phenotypic adjustments in these salt glands encompass both reversible processes, when environmental conditions switch back to the original state (‘phenotypic elasticity’), and irreversible ones (‘phenotypic plasticity’ in the narrow sense). As more information on genomes or transcriptomes of non-model animal species becomes available, we will better understand the biological significance of such phenotypic adjustments in animals in their natural environments and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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