Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Rwandan refugees living in Zambia

The present study investigated posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress among Rwandan refugees living in the townships of Lusaka, Zambia. Refugees are often exposed to trauma and violence which leads to a wide range of psychological distress and mental disorders. Two hundred and sixty-seven refugees participated in the study. The sample consisted of older and younger adult refugees, 128 (47.9%) males and 139 (52.1%) females, from Lusaka. The Impact of Event Scale–Revised and the General Health Questionnaire-28 were administered to all participants. The study found that a significant number of participants reported posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. About 76.8% endorsed posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. In addition, 31.8% reported somatic symptoms, 36.7% anxiety or insomnia, 27.3% social dysfunction, and 22.8% severe depression. Lower education (p < .01), larger family size (p < .001), lack of financial support (p < .05), and being unemployed (p < .001) were positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. Intervention strategies aimed at improving the lives of refugees should be ongoing and must encompass a well-articulated, structured refugee policy that emphasizes mental health and psychological needs.