具有XI-XIII世纪特殊突出物的马鞭(基于乌克兰国家历史博物馆的材料)

IF 0.3 4区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY
M. Osypenko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

通过使用固定在动物身上或由人操作的挽具和其他特殊设备,可以桥接骑马的战马并使其服从骑手的意愿。此外,使用皮鞭可以更有效地执行骑手的命令。鞭笞出现在游牧环境中的古罗斯武士的武器复合体中,它既是一种崇拜属性,又是一种护身符。皮鞭的结构包括以下组成部分:一根由皮革带编织而成的皮鞭,一个以鞍部旋钮结尾的鞭柄。如今,根据形状、制造材料和结构,有不同的绒头。手柄的零件根据制造材料(骨头/角、金属)分为几组,根据体型分为几类,如果可能的话,还分为装饰方案。所有这些都通过一个典型的突起连接在一起,这防止了鞭子从骑手手中掉下来,在某些情况下,它们与鸟的头部在视觉上有一定的相似性,或者具有特定的动物形态(鸟类学)特征。骨结节有四种类型(第一组):球形扁平;桶形的圆形和细长的比例;具有动物形态特征;附着在角质突起的自然曲线的头部。金属旋钮有五种类型(第二组):球形;筒状细长;动物形的偷工减料;星形。在东欧地区,从公元前十世纪开始,人们就开始记录到有一些扁平形状和小喙状突起的鞭状绒头的发现,而且所有物品都是由骨头制成的。带有细长突起的圆形、球形和筒形旋钮出现在公元XI后半叶,并在接下来的两个世纪中继续存在。较小比例的鸟头形状的变焦旋钮存在的时间相对较短——XI——十二世纪前半叶,而细长插座上的物品——从十二世纪——十三世纪前半期。带切角的旋钮年代更为广泛,在十二-十三/十四世纪。乌克兰国家历史博物馆收藏了八件代表相应绒球或其部分的物品。两个发现物的来源不明,六个发现物来自罗斯河地区的古罗斯定居点结构,即纳布提夫、科农查、沙尔基、克尼亚扎·霍拉。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Horse Whip Pommels With a Special Protrusion of the XI—XIII Centuries (Based on the Materials of the National Museum of History of Ukraine)
To bridge a riding war horse and subordinate it to the will of the rider is possible through the usage of harness and other special equipment, which were fixed on an animal or operated by a person. In addition, a whip was used to execute the orders of the rider more effectively. The whip occured in the complex of weapons of the Ancient Rus warrior from a nomadic environment, where it simultaneously acted as a cult attribute and a kind of amulet. The structure of the whip provided the following components: a whip woven made of leather straps, a whip-handle, which ended with a knob at the pommel. Nowadays, there are different whip pommels according to their shape, material of manufacture and construction. The parts of the handle are divided into groups due to the material of manufacture (bone/horn, metal), into types according to the body shape, and into ornamental schemes if possible. All of them are connected by the presence of a typical protrusion, which prevented the whip from falling out of the rider’s hand and, in some cases, acquired a certain visual similarity to the head of a bird, or had specific zoomorphic (ornithological) features. Four types are distinguished for bone knobs (group I): spherical flattened; barrel-shaped rounded and with elongated proportions; with zoomorphic features; attached to the heads of the natural curves of the horny outgrowth. Metal knobs are of five types (group II): spherical; barrel-shaped elongated; zoomorphic; with cut corners; star-shaped. In the Eastern European region, finds of whip pommels with somewhat flattened forms and small beak-like outgrowths begin to be recorded from the X c. and all items are exclusively made of bone. The round, spherical and barrel-shaped knobs with elongated projections appear in the second half of the XI c. and continue to exist in the next two centuries. Zoomorphic knobs in the shape of a bird’s head of small proportions existed for a relatively short time — XI — first half of the XII c., and items on an elongated socket – from the XII — first half of the XIII c. The knobs with cut corners are dated more widely, within the XII—XIII/XIV c. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains eight items representing the corresponding pommels or their parts. Two finds are of unknown origin, and six are identified and come from Ancient Rus settlement structures of the XI—XIII c. from the territory of the Ros River region: Nabutiv, Kononcha, Sharky, Kniazha Hora.
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ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY-
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