The emergence of nanovaccines as a new paradigm in virological vaccinology: a review

Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Treatment resistance for infectious diseases is growing quickly, and chemotherapeutic toxicity in cancer means that vaccines must be made right away to save humanity. But subunit vaccinations alone don’t give enough strong and long-lasting protection against infections that can kill. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles, such as dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, virosomes, nanogels, and microemulsions, offer interesting ways to get around the problems with traditional vaccine adjuvants. The nanovaccines (50–250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, staying in the bloodstream for a long time. Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body’s innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. This can help fight infectious diseases and cancers. Also, nanovaccines can be very helpful for making cancer treatments that use immunotherapy. So, this review highlights the various types of NPs used in the techniques that have worked in the new paradigm in viral vaccinology for infectious diseases. It gives a full rundown of the current NP-based vaccines, their potential as adjuvants, and the ways they can be delivered to cells. In the future, the best nanovaccines will try to be more logically designed, have more antigens in them, be fully functionalized, and be given to the right people.