In order to understand the composition characteristics and pollution levels of atmospheric PM2.5 in the extremely arid region of China and the urban area of Hotan City, samples of atmospheric PM2.5 were collected from January to December 2014. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and elemental analysis were used to analyze PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), metal elements, and water-soluble inorganic ions The chemical components such as OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) showed that the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in the urban area of Hotan City during the sampling period was (770.11 ± 568.01) μ G/m3, showing a trend of highest in summer and lowest in winter; Metal elements, water-soluble inorganic ions, OC, EC, and ∑ 16 PAHs (total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) account for 15.292%, 9.789%, 4.246%, 0.331%, and 0.015% of the mass concentration of PM2.5, respectively. The source analysis of PAHs and metal elements, water-soluble inorganic ions, OC, EC in PM2.5 using PMF (orthogonal matrix factorization method) shows that the main sources of PAHs are coal and gasoline combustion emissions (13.91%), biomass combustion (33.98%) Natural gas combustion (52.11%); The main sources of metal elements, water-soluble inorganic ions, OC, and EC are soil dust (56.49%), oil combustion (25.49%), motor vehicle emissions (10.09%), and coal and biomass combustion (7.93%). Research shows that during the sampling period, dust has a significant impact on the atmospheric PM2.5 composition in the urban area of Hotan City, and is the main source of air pollution in the region