Traumatic brain injury models in rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is induced in the  brain by external forces such as traffic accidents and  heat trauma. Death and disability are induced by the TBI. Indeed, worldwide, about 10 million people are  annually deaths or hospitalizations annually by the TBI  exposures. In addition, about 57 million exposed to  brain injury after TBI annually (Xiong et al. 2013).  There is no direct treatment method for the TBI. After  the TBI, different pathological processes such as  oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis are  induced by the brain injury. Hence, investigations of  new treatment methods in rodent models have important  role for inhibition of the pathological processes of  human.  Marmarou method has been used to make a  diffuse head trauma (Marmarou et al. 1994) and it is  popular for induction of TBI in rats. Before induction of  TBI, the animals should anesthetized by anesthetics  such as ketamine and xylazine combination. The  animals are placed in prone position on the trauma table  under the anesthesia. After skin incision, a steel disc (10  mm X 3 mm) is placed midline between coronal and  lambdoid sutures on the animal’s skull, and a 250-300 g  weight is freely dropped through a cylindrical tube, with  19 mm inner diameter, from 2 m height onto the head of  the animal (Marmarou et al. 1994). In the presentation, a  selection of the principal models is described and the  model was compared