Future perspective: precision medicine to improve treatment results in the settings of allogenic stem cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by proliferation, lack of apoptosis, and block in differentiation of leukemic blasts [1]. These immature cells compromise normal bone marrow function, resulting in severe bone marrow failure, with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and granulocytopenia [1]. The disease has a highly malignant and aggressive course, and without treatment the patients will usually die within weeks to months. Except for promyelocytic AML, the only possibility for a longtime cure is intensive chemotherapy, and in high-risk patients combined with allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) [1,2]. Allo-HSCT is the most potent antileukemic treatment, by utilization of the immune mediated graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect derived from immune competent donor cells. However, alloHSCT is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality, especially due to severe graft versus host disease (GVHD). Furthermore, the occurrence of relapse of the disease even after transplantation is still prevalent, especially for patients present with genetic markers associated with inferior prognosis at the time of diagnosis [2,3]. In the following, we will discuss the current and future aspects of allo-HSCT in the setting of AML, untangling the possibilities to optimize the treatment approaches based on precision medicine.