古岩溶潜水洞穴/溶洞的成岩作用与沉积史波德格勒，斯洛文尼亚西南部

IF 1 4区地球科学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Acta Carsologica Pub Date : 2021-04-28 DOI:10.3986/AC.VI.9945

Bojan Otoničar

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Three indistinct horizons of cavities/caves and intermediate vugs were recognized. Subsequently, all cavities were completely filled with detrital sediments and speleothems in the phreatic and vadose zones. In general, the phreatic cavities of the lower two horizons are geopetally filled with mudstone derived from incomplete dissolution of the host rock and overlain by coarse-grained, blocky calcite. Shallower below the paleokarst surface, a large phreatic cave of the third horizon is filled with flowstone overlain by reddish micritic carbonate sediment with intercalated calcite rafts. In the upper part of the cave, sediments derived from the paleokarst surface are gradually becoming more abundant. Vadose channels, which may also intersect the cave sediments, are mainly filled with \"pedogenic\" material derived from the paleokarst surface. Immediately prior to marine transgression over the paleokarst surface, some cavities were filled with marine-derived microturbidites. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

UDC 551.44:551.35（497.434）Bojan Otoničar：古喀斯特洞穴/洞穴的洞穴成因和沉积史；斯洛文尼亚西南部波德格勒所研究的古岩溶对应于一个隆起的外围前陆凸起，当时上白垩纪成岩未成熟的异生碳酸盐岩近连续暴露、岩溶化，随后被上古新世/下始新世沼泽灰岩覆盖。在地下古岩溶特征中，既有渗流形式，也有胞质形式。胞质洞穴/洞穴包括淡水（微咸水）透镜体和下层海水之间界面的混合带洞穴成因特征。它们在古岩溶表面的不同位置被发现，最深的位置在地表以下约75米。识别出三个洞穴/洞穴和中间洞穴的模糊层位。随后，所有洞穴都被phratic和渗流带中的碎屑沉积物和洞穴主题物完全填满。通常，较低两个层位的phratic洞穴是由寄主岩石不完全溶解产生的泥岩填充的地质金属，并由粗粒块状方解石覆盖。在古岩溶表面下方的浅层，第三层的一个大洞穴中充满了流石，上面覆盖着带夹层方解石排的红色泥质碳酸盐沉积物。在洞穴的上部，来自古岩溶表面的沉积物逐渐变得更加丰富。渗流通道也可能与洞穴沉积物相交，主要填充来自古岩溶表面的“成土”物质。就在古岩溶表面发生海侵之前，一些洞穴中充满了海洋衍生的微型涡轮机。总的来说，洞穴填充物的多样性和地表物质的数量随着与古岩溶表面的距离而减少。UDK 551.44:551.35（497.434）Bojan Otoničar：渗透带古克拉塞洞穴/洞穴的洞穴成因和沉积史；当成岩未成熟的上部白垩碳酸盐岩上升到海平面以上并受到装饰时，所研究的古地层形成在凸起的外围凸起上。后来，外围凸起的这一装饰部分再次淹没在海平面以下，古大陆表面覆盖着古新世上部至始新世下部的沼泽石灰岩。研究区域出现了致密和无人居住水文地质带的典型地下古气候形式。在大气和海水混合的地区，溶洞和弥漫带的小洞穴显示出洞穴成因的特征。它们出现在与古大陆表面相关的不同水平，最深约75米。洞穴和洞穴被排列成三个不可表达的层位，但它们之间出现了较小的孔隙和通道，大部分由溶解形成或至少部分转化。所有提到的不同尺寸的洞穴后来都被放牧和无人居住的水文地质带中的大部分细粒沉积物和Sigma完全填满。一般来说，下两层渗透带的洞穴中充满了碳酸盐泥，碳酸盐泥是洞穴岩石不完全溶解的结果，细粒沉积物上方的残余物中含有粗粒镶嵌钙。在填充洞穴的第三层，古洞穴表面以下较浅的地方，还有一个大洞穴，也是在杂草丛生的地带形成的。在某些地方，它的下部含有siga，但主要填充有红色碳酸盐微晶，其中包含常见的颗粒、瓦片和漂浮的方解石束。在大型洞穴的上部沉积物中，物质越来越丰富，这是在斯洛文尼亚Postojna的1 Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU，Titov trg 2，SI-6230中发现的；电子邮件：otonicar@zrc-sazu.si*通讯作者收到/Prejeto:12.04.2021 DOI:10.3986/ac.vi.9945 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 50/1，67-96，POSTOJNA 2021 COISS:1.01

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Speleogenesis and depositional history of paleokarst phreatic caves/cavities; Podgrad, SW Slovenia

UDC 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogenesis and depositional history of paleokarst phreatic caves/cavities; Podgrad, SW Slovenia The studied paleokarst corresponds to an uplifted peripheral foreland bulge when Upper Cretaceous diagenetically immature eogenetic carbonates were subaerially exposed, karstified and subsequently overlain by upper Paleocene/lower Eocene palustrine limestone. Among the subsurface paleokarstic features, both vadose and phreatic forms occur. The phreatic caves/cavities include features characteristic of the mixing zone speleogenesis at the interface between freshwater (brackish water) lenses and the underlying seawater. They were found in various positions with respect to the paleokarstic surface, the deepest being about 75 m below the surface. Three indistinct horizons of cavities/caves and intermediate vugs were recognized. Subsequently, all cavities were completely filled with detrital sediments and speleothems in the phreatic and vadose zones. In general, the phreatic cavities of the lower two horizons are geopetally filled with mudstone derived from incomplete dissolution of the host rock and overlain by coarse-grained, blocky calcite. Shallower below the paleokarst surface, a large phreatic cave of the third horizon is filled with flowstone overlain by reddish micritic carbonate sediment with intercalated calcite rafts. In the upper part of the cave, sediments derived from the paleokarst surface are gradually becoming more abundant. Vadose channels, which may also intersect the cave sediments, are mainly filled with "pedogenic" material derived from the paleokarst surface. Immediately prior to marine transgression over the paleokarst surface, some cavities were filled with marine-derived microturbidites. In general, the diversity of cave fills and the amount of surface material decrease with distance from the paleokarst surface. Below the Izvleček UDK 551.44:551.35(497.434) Bojan Otoničar: Speleogeneza in sedimentacijska zgodovina paleokraških jam/votlin prežete cone; Podgrad, JZ Slovenija Raziskovani paleokras se je oblikoval na dvignjeni periferni izboklini, ko so bili diagenetsko nezreli zgornje kredni karbonati dvignjeni nad morsko gladino in zakraseli. Kasneje je bil ta zakraseli del periferne izbokline ponovno potopljen pod morsko gladino, paleokraško površje pa prekrito z zgornje paleocenskimi do spodnje eocenskimi palustrinimi apnenci. Na raziskovanem območju se pojavljajo podpovršinske paleokraške oblike značilne tako za prežeto kot neprežeto hidrogeološko cono. Kraške jame in manjše votlinice prežete cone kažejo značilnosti speleogeneze v območju mešanja meteorne in morske vode. Pojavljajo se v različnih nivojih glede na paleokraško površje, najgloblje približno 75 m pod njim. Jame in votlinice so razporejene v tri neizrazite horizonte, vendar se tudi med njimi pojavljajo manjše pore in kanali, ki so večinoma nastali ali so bili vsaj deloma preoblikovani z raztapljanjem. Vse omenjene votline različnih dimenzij so bile kasneje v prežeti in neprežeti hidrogeološki coni popolnoma zapolnjene z večinoma drobnozrnatimi sedimenti in sigami. Na splošno so bile votline prežete cone spodnjih dveh horizontov geopetalno zapolnjene s karbonatnim blatom, ki je nastal kot posledica nepopolnega raztapljanja prikamnine votlin, preostanki nad drobnozrnatimi sedimenti pa z grobozrnatim mozaičnim kalcitom. V tretjem horizontu zapolnjenih votlin, plitveje pod paleokraškim površjem, se nahaja tudi velika jama, ki je tudi nastala v prežeti coni. Ponekod v spodnjem delu vsebuje sigo, sicer pa je večinoma zapolnjena z rdečkastim karbonatnim mikritom v katerem so pogosta zrna, ploščice in svežnji plavajočega kalcita. V zgornjem delu velike jame postajajo sedimenti čedalje bogatejši z materialom, ki je bil v 1 Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU, Titov trg 2, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia; e-mail: otonicar@zrc-sazu.si * Corresponding author Received/Prejeto: 12.04.2021 DOI: 10.3986/ac.vi.9945 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 50/1, 67-96, POSTOJNA 2021 COBISS: 1.01

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来源期刊

Acta Carsologica 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

1.50

自引率

14.30%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Karst areas occupy 10-20 % of ice-free land. Dissolution of rock by natural waters has given rise to specific landscape and underground. Karst surface features and caves have attracted man''s curiosity since the dawn of humanity and have been a focus to scientific studies since more than half of millennia. Acta Carsologica publishes original research papers and reviews, letters, essays and reports covering topics related to specific of karst areas. These comprise, but are not limited to karst geology, hydrology, and geomorphology, speleology, hydrogeology, biospeleology and history of karst science.