Factores de riesgo y protección en la deserción escolar de la Institución Educativa Policarpa

In today’s society, one of the great social problems is school dropout, because it truncates the possibilities of individual and collective progress. At the Policarpa Educational Institution from the municipality of Policarpa, in the department of Narino, the dropout rate for 2018 was 10.8%, well above the national average. According to the studies analyzed, this problem is multicausal, for this reason this article presents the research results regarding the incidence of risk and protective factors at the social, family and school levels. For this research exercise, semi-structured surveys were applied to twelve students, six parents, six teachers and the guidance teacher. The methodology for the analysis of the information was phenomenological, because of it seeks to describe, through a narrative, what the participants think about the phenomenon under study. The results show that the society-family-school triad acts as a complex network which positively or negatively affects the student. In each of the components of the triad, there are risk factors, but also protection factors, which together and directly or indirectly affect the student’s permanence. Regarding social issues, it was determined that the presence of illicit crops and the presence of illegal armed groups significantly affect the permanence of students in school, these two problems are causing serious social problems such as forced displacement and violence, which is also reflected in family problems, such as intra-family violence and family poverty, these being the most relevant. Finally, it was determined that within the school there are also factors that affect the permanence of students, among which the lack of continuity of the teachers, the little empathy and preparation and the relationships with peers and teachers, mainly reflected in bullying and stigmatization. Finally, it was determined that in society, family and school, there are also elements that contribute to the permanence of students in school.