立陶宛和波兰之间的农场:1923–1939年立陶宛农民的问题及其利益保护

IF 0.1 Q4 HISTORY
Leonas Nekrašas
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在两次世界大战期间,立陶宛和波兰之间的局势十分紧张。立陶宛从未停止宣称维尔纽斯为其首都,也不承认其为波兰的一部分——因此这些国家没有外交关系。这些被疏远的国家之间的旅行可能性受到极大限制,而且(由于立陶宛不承认划分两国的分界线为官方国家边界)他们的边境地区经常发生暴力、挑衅和持续的紧张局势。边界局势给当地人带来了一个问题——分界线(1923年分隔两国的非军事中立区解散后最终确定)分割了许多当地农民的农场,留下了数千公顷属于立陶宛波兰居民的农田,反之亦然。两国同意允许这些被分割农场的农民越过分界线,继续使用和耕种他们的土地。然而,这些人直接陷入了敌对国家之间的不和中,并因此而受苦。本文探讨了立陶宛农民所经历的斗争(经常受到波兰边防军的蓄意阻挠)以及立陶宛国家机构为捍卫他们的利益所做的努力。该分析展示了一种非正统的情况,并揭示了为了当地公民的利益而没有外交关系的国家之间沟通和解决问题的独特方式。所使用的方法逐渐演变为使用基本的“以眼还眼”式的报复(通过给对方国家的农民造成同等困难来应对阻碍)两国地方官员在以紧张和冲突为标志的边境地区频繁会面。分析了用于改善当地农民状况的各种方法。本文揭示了决定和指导立陶宛国家机构政策的核心原则。最重要的是,它承认了对针对立陶宛公民的每一项阻挠行动作出反应的重要性。也有很大的避免以一种可以被解释为承认分界线为国家边界的方式采取行动(或作出反应)。研究了波兰最后通牒和立陶宛与波兰于1938年建立外交关系后的农场分割问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Farms Divided between Lithuania and Poland: The Problems of Lithuania’s Farmers and the Defence of Their Interests, 1923–1939
During the interwar years the situation between Lithuania and Poland was tense. Lithuania never stopped claiming Vilnius as its capital city and did not recognize it as a part of Poland – therefore these countries did not have diplomatic relations. Travelling possibilities between these alienated states were greatly restricted and (as Lithuania did not recognize the demarcation line dividing both countries as an official state border) their borderland was an area of frequent violence, provocations, and ever present tension. The border situation created a problem for local people – the demarcation line (conclusively established in 1923 after the dissolution of the demilitarized neutral zone that separated both states) divided the farms of many local farmers leaving thousands of hectares of farmland belonging to residents of Poland in Lithuania and vice versa. Both countries agreed to allow the farmers of these divided farms to cross the demarcation line to continue to use and work their land. However, these people were directly caught up in the feud between their antagonistic states and suffered from it. This paper explores the struggles experienced by Lithuania’s farmers (frequently and deliberately obstructed by Poland’s border guards) and the efforts of Lithuanian state institutions to defend their interests. The analysis showcases an unorthodox situation and uncovers unique ways of communicating and solving problems established between states that had no diplomatic relations in the interest of their local citizens. The methods used gradually evolved from the use of the basic “An eye for an eye“ type of retaliation (reacting to obstruction by causing equivalent difficulties to farmers of the opposing country) to frequent meetings between local officials of both nations in a borderland marked by tension and conflict. Various methods that were used to better the situation of local farmers are analysed. The paper uncovers the core principles that determined and guided the policy of Lithuanian state institutions. Most significantly, it was a recognition of importance of reacting to every obstructive action made against Lithuanian citizens. There was also a great avoidance to act (or react) in a way that could be interpreted as recognizing the demarcation line as the state border. The situation regarding the issue of the divided farms after the Polish ultimatum and the establishment of diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Poland in 1938 is examined.
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