A New Basal Notoungulate from the Itaboraí Basin (Paleogene) of Brazil

Abstract. A new basal notoungulate, Nanolophodon tutuca gen. et sp. nov., is described. This is represented by maxillary and dental fragments and by isolated teeth. The holotype and referred material were found at the “1968 Fissure” of the Itaboraí Basin, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. This basin has been regarded as early Eocene in recent contributions. The generalized appearance and brachydonty of the studied specimens, together with the presence of certain typical traits (poorly developed entolophid, well-developed metacone column, etc.) indicate that N. tutuca can be considered among the group of genera traditionally known as henricosborniids, easily distinguishable from Typotheria by the absence of crista 1 and from Toxodontia by the absence of crista intermedia. It is also different from all other henricosborniids by a combination of characters, such as the presence of a long crochet, the development of two small cristae in the ectoloph, and the large paraconid, among others. In the context of a phylogenetic analysis performed, we do not find conclusive evidence about the synonymy between Itaboraitherium atavum and Othnielmarshia pristina. In turn, we question the reference of these forms as henricosborniids, based on the complex occlusal dental pattern observed in both cases. Finally, based on the observations made in the present study, we discuss the identification of the paraconid in notoungulates, which may be associated with some cusps located mesially to the metaconid and identified as pseudoparaconids in past studies.