2D materials and the microbiome: More than a gut feeling

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal carbides and nitrides, and others, are increasingly developed for a wide range of applications owing to their exceptional and versatile properties. Understanding the biological interactions of 2D materials is critical for the safe and sustainable implementation of this emerging class of materials. Here, we discuss recent studies on the intricate interactions between 2D materials and the microbiome that dwells in and on all vertebrates, and the consequent impact on the host. We also address the underlying mechanisms of the antibacterial effects of 2D materials. Overall, investigations of 2D material interactions with the microbiome offer a new perspective on the biological impact of these materials.