Migration Deals Seen through the Lens of the ICESCR

Human rights violations in the context of migration deals have received considerable attention, especially when it comes to more frequently explored human rights such as the principle of non-refoulement, the right to life, and the prohibition on torture. However, such deals also have a negative impact on the socio-economic rights of people on the move, who often live in dire conditions and lack access to education, health care, and work. This article therefore seeks to answer the following question: to what extent do European Union Member States have obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights towards people on the move contained in third countries as a result of migration deals? The analysis shows that EU Member States may have two types of obligations and examines their nature and scope. First, EU Member States have direct obligations when exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction. This is the case when they can take reasonable measures to avoid reasonably foreseeable human rights violations that result from migration deals. Secondly, they may also have global obligations within the framework of international assistance and cooperation. While the nature and scope of these obligations remain unclear, this article explores whether EU Member States have an obligation to provide international assistance and cooperation to third countries that host people on the move as a result of migration deals. It also examines whether EU Member States can comply with their obligations of international assistance and cooperation by cooperating with third countries on migration control. The article uses the examples of European migration deals with Turkey and Libya to illustrate the analysis.