3D Printing of MXenes-Based Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications

Energy storage devices (ESD) including batteries, and supercapacitors are becoming progressively imperative in the transition to a renewable energy future, as they enable the integration of intermittent renewable sources into the grid and provide backup power during outages. There are already reviews available on various energy storage materials and systems. However, the challenges in the choice of suitable materials and fabrication technology are yet to establish for the commercialization of affordable and efficient ESDs in every aspect of practical needs. Therefore, we realize that the review on the newly developed two-dimensional (2D) MXenes-based energy storage electrodes and devices fabricated through suitably advanced 3D printing technology is the need of the hour, and will be able to attract broad audiences of the related field. MXenes are a class of 2D materials having lamella structures that have shown great promise for energy storage applications due to their versatile redox behavior, high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and ability to accommodate intercalated ions. However, the processing of 2D MXenes suffers from serious agglomeration due to weak Van der Waals attraction and reduces its actual energy storage performances. In a few recent studies, it is observed that advanced 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of MXenes with complex and customized geometries, opening up new possibilities for developing high-performance energy storage devices. Therefore, this review is important for a comprehensive discussion on this topic. So, in this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in 3D printed MXene-based batteries and supercapacitors, the advantages of using 3D printing for the fabrication of tailor-designed MXenes-based ESDs, existing challenges, and the opportunities available for further exploration towards the successful commercialization of ESDs. Overall, this review is an insightful articulation for the future seeking to stay at the forefront of this exciting and rapidly-expanding field.