基于过程的生态系统模型(Paleo-BGC)模拟晚石炭世植物对O2升高和干旱化的动态响应

IF 1.9 3区 地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
J. White, I. Montañez, Jonathan P. Wilson, C. Poulsen, J. McElwain, W. DiMichele, M. Hren, S. Macarewich, J. Richey, W. Matthaeus
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引用次数: 12

摘要

生态系统过程模型通过在动态环境框架内对生态生理过程的现代理解,为陆地生态系统提供了独特的见解。我们通过使用化石遗骸构建植物功能类型,并尽可能模拟灭绝类群对其古气候环境的体内反应,将这一框架应用于由灭绝植物组成的深层生态系统。生态系统过程模型通过在动态环境框架内对生态生理过程的现代理解,为陆地生态系统提供了独特的见解。我们通过使用化石遗骸构建植物功能类型,并尽可能模拟灭绝类群对其古气候环境的体内反应,将这一框架应用于由灭绝植物组成的深层生态系统。为了实现这一点,叶片特征,包括最大气孔导度、从叶脉到气孔的距离以及表皮碳和氮,被输入作为模型参数,这些参数来自于对保存完好的宾夕法尼亚时代化石叶的测量。有了这些输入,我们使用BIOME-BGC过程模型的修改版本(我们称之为古BGC),模拟了一个陆地热带森林生态系统,该生态系统由宾夕法尼亚纪(约323-299 Ma)的“标志性”植物类型主导,包括树状石松属、水母属、心形植物和树蕨。使用全球循环模型GENESIS 3.0模拟了由日常气象驱动的欧美热带生态系统的碳和水预算,以及首次模拟的氮预算。关键发现是:与模拟用水量越来越低、地表水和氮损失越来越大的水母、鱼腥草和树蕨相比,石蒜属植物的日叶水势、土壤含水量、地表径流和氮淋失程度最低,这表明它们采用了集约用水策略;植被对干旱化的模拟反应是由降水减少引起的,并在石炭纪末和二叠纪加剧。该反应表明,与心形植物和树蕨相比,石蒜目和水母类对降水减少的耐受性最低,与宾夕法尼亚州中期至二叠纪早期的花翻转发生的古植物学记录一致;大气pO2升高,被假设为宾夕法尼亚纪后半期和二叠纪早期(~299–272 Ma)的特征,导致更高的大气压力降低植物蒸腾,更高的地表水径流速率,并增加所有模拟植物类型的氮输出,在石松属占主导地位的生态系统中表现最为强烈,总体而言,每日净同化量仅略有减少(≈1μmol CO2 m−2 s−1)。干旱化和大气含氧量的增加都减少了蒸腾作用,增加了土壤的保水性,地表径流量更高。在石炭纪晚期和二叠纪早期,随着流量的增加,古热带广大地区的短期地表土壤流失和硅酸盐风化可能会增加。这些结果只能通过将多个化石衍生的测量结果集成到利用日常气象学的生态系统模型的模拟框架中来获得。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A process-based ecosystem model (Paleo-BGC) to simulate the dynamic response of Late Carboniferous plants to elevated O2 and aridification
Ecosystem process models provide unique insight into terrestrial ecosystems by employing a modern understanding of ecophysiological processes within a dynamic environmental framework. We apply this framework to deep-time ecosystems made up of extinct plants by constructing plant functional types using fossil remains and simulating—as close as possible—the in vivo response of extinct taxa to their paleoclimatic environment. Ecosystem process models provide unique insight into terrestrial ecosystems by employing a modern understanding of ecophysiological processes within a dynamic environmental framework. We apply this framework to deep-time ecosystems made up of extinct plants by constructing plant functional types using fossil remains and simulating—as close as possible—the in vivo response of extinct taxa to their paleoclimatic environment. To accomplish this, foliar characteristics including maximum stomatal conductance, distance from leaf vein to stomata, and cuticular carbon and nitrogen were input as model parameters derived from measurements of well-preserved Pennsylvanian-age fossil leaves. With these inputs, we modeled a terrestrial tropical forest ecosystem dominated by “iconic” plant types of the Pennsylvanian (∼323–299 Ma) including arborescent lycopsids, medullosans, cordaitaleans, and tree ferns using a modified version of the process model BIOME-BGC, which we refer to as Paleo-BGC. Modeled carbon and water—and, for the first time, nitrogen—budgets of a tropical ecosystem from Euramerica driven by daily meteorology are simulated using the Global Circulation Model GENESIS 3.0. Key findings are: lycopsids have the lowest daily leaf water potential, soil water content, surface runoff, and degree of nitrogen leaching indicating an intensive water use strategy compared to medullosans, cordaitaleans, and tree ferns that have increasingly lower simulated water use, greater surface, and nitrogen loss in this order; modeled vegetation response to aridification, which was caused by reduced precipitation and intensified through the close of the Carboniferous and into the Permian shows that lycopsids and medullosans have the lowest tolerance for precipitation decrease compared to cordaitaleans and tree ferns, consistent with the paleobotanical record of occurrence of floral turnovers through the Middle Pennsylvanian through earliest Permian; elevated atmospheric pO2, hypothesized as characteristic for the latter half of the Pennsylvanian and early Permian (∼299–272 Ma), caused higher atmospheric pressure reducing plant transpiration, higher surface water runoff rates, and increased nitrogen export for all plant types simulated, manifested most strongly in the lycopsid dominated ecosystems—with overall only a small reduction in net daily assimilation (≈1 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1). Both aridification and elevated atmospheric oxygen reduced transpiration, increased water retention in soils, with higher surface runoff. With more discharge, enhanced and higher short-term surface soil loss and silicate weathering would have been possible in broad regions of the paleotropics during the late Carboniferous and early Permian. These results are only obtainable by integrating multiple, fossil-derived measurements into the simulation framework of an ecosystem model that utilizes daily meteorology.
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来源期刊
American Journal of Science
American Journal of Science 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
3.40%
发文量
17
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The American Journal of Science (AJS), founded in 1818 by Benjamin Silliman, is the oldest scientific journal in the United States that has been published continuously. The Journal is devoted to geology and related sciences and publishes articles from around the world presenting results of major research from all earth sciences. Readers are primarily earth scientists in academia and government institutions.
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