Quakerism in the Atlantic World, 1690–1830

Quakerism series, a series that seeks to provide uptodate analysis of Quaker history in volumes accessible to a broad readership. This book addresses the long eighteenth century, a period that has remained largely unexplored as a whole, despite the growth of Quaker history as a field in the past twentyfive years. Interpretations of this period have undergone some revision in recent years as scholars have questioned earlier representations of what has been termed “quietist Quakerism.” Was this period marked only by increased sectarianism, declining religious enthusiasm, and stagnation, even regression?1 Undoubtedly, this was an era of paradox. During the long eighteenth century, Quakers articulated many of the characteristics associated with Quakerism today. Worship became more silent and Quakers used distinct dress and speech to identify and separate themselves from mainstream society. During this period, they established increasingly rigid organizational structures and behaviors, codified in the queries, advices, and discipline. This is the period associated with Quaker withdrawal into sectarianism. At the same time, the dynamic political, social, and economic context of this long century resulted in notably expanded Quaker engagement in politics, trade, industry, and science. The Introduction