人格的非语言标志:面部表情的交际意义

IF 0.2 Q4 SOCIOLOGY
F. Sharkov, V. Silkin, O. Kireeva
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引用次数: 1

摘要

摘要。有很多证据表明,大多数人都能够通过面部表情来识别情绪。面部表情通常提供什么信息?没有面部表情就能表达情绪吗?没有相应情绪状态的面部表情能存在吗?有单独的面部表情吗?对非语言交际各方面的研究显示出非语言行为的异同。有人认为,当关注行为的客观、形式特征时,相似性在个人层面上最为明显,而当分析关注个体之间的关系和行为的人际意义时,差异更容易被发现。尽管对非语言交际的研究迅速扩大,但大多数研究都描述了非语言信号显示的简单差异。尽管它们在几乎所有其他方面都有所不同,但大多数面部测量方法都关注于所看到的东西,以及研究人员在看到某些面部运动时能识别出的东西。大多数应用的研究方法都不足以研究这个复杂的、多维的问题。就像所有关于交际过程的基础研究一样,近体学更多的是关于如何而不是为什么,更多的是关于结构而不是内容。本文关注的问题是非语言行为是否反映了文化的相似性或差异,以及不同层次的分析是否允许观察到大多数非语言行为中固有的文化同质性和多样性。作者考虑了关于情绪与成人面部表情关系的实验室实验数据:一些研究证实了快乐与微笑之间的高度一致性,其他积极情绪与微笑之间的一致性从低到中等。现有的关于惊讶和厌恶的证据表明,这些情绪伴随着“传统”的面部表情,甚至只有在少数情况下才会出现这种表情的某些成分。美国人类学家、运动学创始人之一伯德惠斯威尔(Birdwhistell)提出了这个术语,用于对面部表情、姿势、步态以及手臂和身体的可见运动的复杂研究。伯德惠斯尔认为,身体语言是由文化环境决定的,而不是普遍的基因程序。Birdwhistell将运动学定义为“研究与人际交流的非语言方面有关的身体运动”。他认为,身体动作的交流是系统性的,是社会习得的,是交流性的,除非证明不是这样。本文详细考察了伯德惠斯威尔的作品和理论,他经常不得不承认他的一些观点是有争议的。作者得出结论,伯德惠斯尔的著作有严重的错误,其他研究人员未能发展他的动力学理论。因此,笔者认为这一领域的研究主要集中在所谓的面部表情交际意义的识别上。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions
Abstact. There is a lot of evidence that most people are capable of recognizing emotions by facial expressions. What information does a facial expression usually provide? Can emotions be shown without facial expressions? Can there be facial expressions without a corresponding emotional state? Are there individual facial expressions? The studies of various aspects of non-verbal communication show both similarities and differences in non-verbal behavior. It is argued that similarities are most evident at the individual level, when the focus is on the objective, formal features of behavior, while differences are more likely to be found when the analysis focuses on the relationship between individuals and interpersonal meanings of behavior. Despite the rapid expansion of research on non-verbal communication, most of it describes simple differences in the display of non-verbal signals. Although they differ in almost every other respect, most facial measurement methods focus on what is seen, on what the researcher can identify when seeing some facial movements. Most of the research methods applied are not sufficient for the study of this complex, multidimensional issue. Like all basic studies of communicative processes, proxemics is more about how than why, and more about structure than content. The article focuses on the question whether non-verbal behavior reflects cultural similarities or differences, and whether different levels of analysis allow to observe both cultural homogeneity and diversity inherent in most acts of non-verbal behavior. The authors consider the data of laboratory experiments on the relationship between emotions and adults’ facial expressions: some studies confirm the high consistency between fun and smiling, and from the low to moderate consistency between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence on surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their ‘traditional’ facial expressions or even some components of such expressions only in a minority of cases. The American anthropologist, one of the founders of kinesics, Birdwhistell introduced this term for the complex study of facial expressions, poses, gait, and visible movements of arms and body. Birdwhistell argues that body language is determined by cultural environment rather than universal genetic programs. Birdwhistell defines kinesics as “the study of body-motion as related to the nonverbal aspects of interpersonal communication”. He argues that communication with body motion is systemic, socially learned and communicative unless proven otherwise. The article considers in detail the works and theories of Birdwhistell who often had to admit that some of his ideas were controversial. The authors conclude that Birdwhistell’s works have serious mistakes, and other researchers failed to develop his theory of kinesics. Thus, the authors consider the research in this field focusing on the so-called recognition of the communicative meanings of facial expressions.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.80
自引率
20.00%
发文量
53
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: The mission of the Journal is a broad exchange of scientific information, and of the results of theoretical and empirical studies of the researchers from different fields of sociology: history of sociology, sociology of management, political sociology, economic sociology, sociology of culture, etc., philosophy, political science, demography – both in Russia and abroad. The articles of the Journal are grouped under ‘floating’ rubrics (chosen specially to structure the main themes of each issue), with the following rubrics as basic: Theory, Methodology and History of Sociological Research Contemporary Society: The Urgent Issues and Prospects for Development Surveys, Experiments, Case Studies Sociology of Organizations Sociology of Management Sociological Lectures. The titles of the rubrics are generally broadly formulated so that, despite the obvious theoretical focus of most articles (this is the principal distinguishing feature of the Series forming the image of the scientific journal), in each section we can publish articles differing substantially in their area of study and subject matter, conceptual focus, methodological tools of empirical research, the country of origin and disciplinary affiliation.
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