An application of the four-dimensional model of power: the case of Khutsong

ABSTRACT This study entails an examination of power relationships amongst actors in a local housing development project, in Khutsong township, South Africa. In this case study we apply the four-dimensional model of power, namely, 1-D Agency, 2-D Structure, 3-D System of Thought and 4-D Social Ontology. We show that in this project consensus on 3-D interpretation and 4-D self-restraint is weak and the 1-D and 2-D power relationships are unfocused. Yet, outcomes were realised due to an underlying 3-D unity around the right to housing. The findings reveal the relevance, but also complexity of applying the four-dimensional model in heterogenic settings.