Priming of wheat plant with weed extracts, calcium and salicylic acid for contribution to alleviating the oxidative stress imposed by Fusarium graminearum and lead toxicity

Biotic and abiotic stress factors drastically limit plant growth and productivity through changing the physiological, biochemical, and cellular processes. In this study, 100 mM of lead (Pb) was used as an abiotic stress source, while Fusarium graminearum represented a biotic one on wheat plant. Compared to the control, Pb treatment and F. graminearum inoculation led to remarkable reductions in the wheat seedlings leaf area that reached 21 %, and 12.5 %, respectively. Moreover, the current results showed an enhanced activity of Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) that reached 173 % in the stressed wheat grains and seedlings, decreased mineral contents in N -3 , P +3 , K + , and Ca +2 in the shoot