A Review of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Partnerships with Indigenous Communities and Organizations in Canada

In this paper, Indigenous engagement in renewable energy projects is reviewed and the main elements of energy partnerships between various stakeholders and Indigenous partners are discussed. In recent years Canada has witnessed more significant Indigenous involvement in economic and energy development projects than ever before. The key components of large-scale energy partnerships focus on community engagement, financial capital, community buy-in (readiness with entrepreneurial and business skills) and benefits-sharing with community partners. Equity-ownership, reconciliation and self-determination intersect with and impact the benefits and sustainability of energy projects as they are interrelated in the framework of most energy partnerships. In addition, this paper illustrates features of energy projects in the literature and policy disconnects in connection with partnership-making, social outcomes, and decision making among Indigenous communities. Furthermore, findings from the literature explore the nuanced discourse on social implications and capacity challenges that interlink with reconciliation when promoting large-scale renewable energy partnerships with Indigenous communities. Through systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, we found eighty relevant items during the screening process and selected thirty-three for the analysis. Findings demonstrate that the Crown, energy companies and community partners need to coordinate and collaborate closely to achieve energy security and sustainable renewable energy in the near future. The review suggests that Indigenous engagement in energy partnerships supports positive outcomes for social development and environmental protection among Indigenous communities. Further, when government and industry partners mentor in the project implementation process, as well as help other communities, large-scale positive impacts on energy transitions and self-sufficiency can be realized.