{"title":"提高学校效率:荷兰学校医生和儿童健康的意义(1930-1970年)","authors":"N. Bakker","doi":"10.17583/HSE.2017.2663","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the meaning of child health as applied by Dutch school doctors and the way it was adapted to the rapidly improving standard of living and the increasing importance of mental health after World War II. It focuses on both the national discourse and school doctors’ daily activities. For the latter the countryside of the Province of Groningen, a relatively poor area, is chosen. Despite assertions that their profession subscribed to a new, positive and inclusive, concept of health, introduced by the WHO in 1948, the Groningen school doctors continued to use a negative concept of a “healthy” schoolchild until well after world War II. It was a child that was not bothered by diseases or infirmities or any other “abnormalities”. They clung to the original aim of school medical inspection: the promotion of the school’s efficiency by the reduction of possible dangers threatening pupils’ learning capacity. In the postwar years these threats were more often found in an unfavorable school climate, with too large classes and too much intellectual work, producing “mental overburdening”. In doing so they made their concept of health more inclusive by linking up physical and mental health. Resumen Este trabajo explora el significado de la salud infantil, aplicado por los medicos escolares holandeses entre 1930 y 1970, y la forma en que ello reflejo el rapido aumento del nivel de vida y la creciente importancia de la salud mental despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este se centra tanto en el discurso nacional como en las actividades diarias de los medicos escolares. En relacion a este ultimo, se ha estudiado la zona rural de la provincia de Groningen. A pesar de las afirmaciones de que su profesion se habia adherido a un concepto nuevo, positivo e inclusivo de la salud, introducido por la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud en 1948, los medicos escolares de Groningen continuaron utilizando un concepto negativo de escolares «sanos» hasta mucho despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: un nino o nina que no habia estado afectado por enfermedades o dolencias o cualquier otra \"anormalidad\". Estos se aferraban al objetivo original de la inspeccion medica escolar: la promocion de la eficiencia escolar mediante la reduccion de las posibles amenazas a la capacidad de aprendizaje del alumnado. En los anos de la posguerra, los medicos escolares a menudo asociaban estas amenazas con un clima escolar desfavorable. Las clases excesivamente grandes y las fuertes cargas academicas se consideraron factores que conducian a la \"sobrecarga mental.\" Por lo tanto, los doctores escolares cambiaron su concepto de la salud al vincular salud fisica a salud mental para que este fuera mas inclusivo.","PeriodicalId":41118,"journal":{"name":"HSE-Social and Education History","volume":"6 1","pages":"196-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3000,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Promoting school efficiency: Dutch school doctors and the meaning of child health (1930-1970)\",\"authors\":\"N. Bakker\",\"doi\":\"10.17583/HSE.2017.2663\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"This paper explores the meaning of child health as applied by Dutch school doctors and the way it was adapted to the rapidly improving standard of living and the increasing importance of mental health after World War II. It focuses on both the national discourse and school doctors’ daily activities. For the latter the countryside of the Province of Groningen, a relatively poor area, is chosen. Despite assertions that their profession subscribed to a new, positive and inclusive, concept of health, introduced by the WHO in 1948, the Groningen school doctors continued to use a negative concept of a “healthy” schoolchild until well after world War II. It was a child that was not bothered by diseases or infirmities or any other “abnormalities”. They clung to the original aim of school medical inspection: the promotion of the school’s efficiency by the reduction of possible dangers threatening pupils’ learning capacity. In the postwar years these threats were more often found in an unfavorable school climate, with too large classes and too much intellectual work, producing “mental overburdening”. In doing so they made their concept of health more inclusive by linking up physical and mental health. Resumen Este trabajo explora el significado de la salud infantil, aplicado por los medicos escolares holandeses entre 1930 y 1970, y la forma en que ello reflejo el rapido aumento del nivel de vida y la creciente importancia de la salud mental despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este se centra tanto en el discurso nacional como en las actividades diarias de los medicos escolares. En relacion a este ultimo, se ha estudiado la zona rural de la provincia de Groningen. A pesar de las afirmaciones de que su profesion se habia adherido a un concepto nuevo, positivo e inclusivo de la salud, introducido por la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud en 1948, los medicos escolares de Groningen continuaron utilizando un concepto negativo de escolares «sanos» hasta mucho despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: un nino o nina que no habia estado afectado por enfermedades o dolencias o cualquier otra \\\"anormalidad\\\". Estos se aferraban al objetivo original de la inspeccion medica escolar: la promocion de la eficiencia escolar mediante la reduccion de las posibles amenazas a la capacidad de aprendizaje del alumnado. En los anos de la posguerra, los medicos escolares a menudo asociaban estas amenazas con un clima escolar desfavorable. Las clases excesivamente grandes y las fuertes cargas academicas se consideraron factores que conducian a la \\\"sobrecarga mental.\\\" Por lo tanto, los doctores escolares cambiaron su concepto de la salud al vincular salud fisica a salud mental para que este fuera mas inclusivo.\",\"PeriodicalId\":41118,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"HSE-Social and Education History\",\"volume\":\"6 1\",\"pages\":\"196-219\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2017-06-22\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"1\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"HSE-Social and Education History\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.17583/HSE.2017.2663\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"HSE-Social and Education History","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.17583/HSE.2017.2663","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Promoting school efficiency: Dutch school doctors and the meaning of child health (1930-1970)
This paper explores the meaning of child health as applied by Dutch school doctors and the way it was adapted to the rapidly improving standard of living and the increasing importance of mental health after World War II. It focuses on both the national discourse and school doctors’ daily activities. For the latter the countryside of the Province of Groningen, a relatively poor area, is chosen. Despite assertions that their profession subscribed to a new, positive and inclusive, concept of health, introduced by the WHO in 1948, the Groningen school doctors continued to use a negative concept of a “healthy” schoolchild until well after world War II. It was a child that was not bothered by diseases or infirmities or any other “abnormalities”. They clung to the original aim of school medical inspection: the promotion of the school’s efficiency by the reduction of possible dangers threatening pupils’ learning capacity. In the postwar years these threats were more often found in an unfavorable school climate, with too large classes and too much intellectual work, producing “mental overburdening”. In doing so they made their concept of health more inclusive by linking up physical and mental health. Resumen Este trabajo explora el significado de la salud infantil, aplicado por los medicos escolares holandeses entre 1930 y 1970, y la forma en que ello reflejo el rapido aumento del nivel de vida y la creciente importancia de la salud mental despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este se centra tanto en el discurso nacional como en las actividades diarias de los medicos escolares. En relacion a este ultimo, se ha estudiado la zona rural de la provincia de Groningen. A pesar de las afirmaciones de que su profesion se habia adherido a un concepto nuevo, positivo e inclusivo de la salud, introducido por la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud en 1948, los medicos escolares de Groningen continuaron utilizando un concepto negativo de escolares «sanos» hasta mucho despues de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: un nino o nina que no habia estado afectado por enfermedades o dolencias o cualquier otra "anormalidad". Estos se aferraban al objetivo original de la inspeccion medica escolar: la promocion de la eficiencia escolar mediante la reduccion de las posibles amenazas a la capacidad de aprendizaje del alumnado. En los anos de la posguerra, los medicos escolares a menudo asociaban estas amenazas con un clima escolar desfavorable. Las clases excesivamente grandes y las fuertes cargas academicas se consideraron factores que conducian a la "sobrecarga mental." Por lo tanto, los doctores escolares cambiaron su concepto de la salud al vincular salud fisica a salud mental para que este fuera mas inclusivo.
期刊介绍:
The journal Social and Education History, aims to closely connect these two fields of study, by publishing relevant articles focused on both the analysis of societies and, the socialization processes and cultural and educational transmission. It focuses on the study of social change and transformation periods. It includes the analysis of social and pedagogical thought, as well as the teaching of history. It is open to all historical periods. The journal comprises the analysis of all learning, cultural transmission and socialization processes, together with social analysis. It brings together education and society, and enhances the role of education in the learning processes and development of societies. Furthermore, it includes the study of social and pedagogical thought and the teaching of history, and as there is no limitation of time period, this journal achieves an integrating dimension regarding the study of history that a vast majority of publications do not have. Social and Education History is a digital and free publication, which aims at disseminating scientific knowledge and generating debate in order to promote an active history addressed to reflect on the past, the present and the future, and at the same time to be useful in deepening in the values of democracy and social justice. The journal publishes research articles, reviews, monographs, and articles on doctoral dissertations, about social and educational history. It is a four-monthly publication and multilingual. HSE publishes articles in English and Spanish. This journal has two sections, one for articles and another for book reviews. This journal includes articles about ended or in progress scientific inquiries. The journal publishes reviews of books that have been recently published in the field of education or other disciplines and of international interest.