{"title":"肠脑轴:微生物群和神经系统之间的相互作用","authors":"O. Akpınar","doi":"10.37212/JCNOS.610103","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Humans coexist in a mutualistic relationship with the intestinal microbiota, a complex microbial ecosystem that resides largely in the distal bowel. The lower gastrointestinal tract contains almost 100 trillion microorganisms, most of which are bacteria. More than 1,000 bacterial species have been identified in this microbiota. The intestinal microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, known as the gut–brain axis, integrates the host gut and brain activities (Mayer et al. 2015). Communication between the brain and gut occurs along a network of pathways collectively termed the brain-gut axis. The brain-gut axis encompass the CNS, ENS, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune pathways, and the gut microbiota (Colins et al. 2012). The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via a number of pathways which include: regulating immune activity and the production of roinflammatory cytokines that can either stimulate the HPA axis to produce CRH, ACTH and cortisol, or directly impact on CNS immune activity; through the production of SCFAs such as propionate, butyrate, and acetate; the production of neurotransmitters which may enter circulation and cross the blood brain barrier; by modulating tryptophan metabolism and downstream metabolites, serotonin, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. Neuronal and spinal pathways, particularly afferent signaling pathways of the vagus nerve, are critical in mediating the effect of the gut microbiota on brain function and behavior. Microbial produced SCFAs and indole also impact on EC cells of the enteric nervous system (Romijn et al. 2008; Cani et al. 2013). The purpose of this presentation was to summarize our current knowledge regarding the role of microbiota in bottom-up pathways of communication in the gutbrain axis.","PeriodicalId":37782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2018-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"3","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The gut-brain axis: interactions between microbiota and nervous systems\",\"authors\":\"O. Akpınar\",\"doi\":\"10.37212/JCNOS.610103\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Humans coexist in a mutualistic relationship with the intestinal microbiota, a complex microbial ecosystem that resides largely in the distal bowel. The lower gastrointestinal tract contains almost 100 trillion microorganisms, most of which are bacteria. More than 1,000 bacterial species have been identified in this microbiota. The intestinal microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, known as the gut–brain axis, integrates the host gut and brain activities (Mayer et al. 2015). Communication between the brain and gut occurs along a network of pathways collectively termed the brain-gut axis. The brain-gut axis encompass the CNS, ENS, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune pathways, and the gut microbiota (Colins et al. 2012). The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via a number of pathways which include: regulating immune activity and the production of roinflammatory cytokines that can either stimulate the HPA axis to produce CRH, ACTH and cortisol, or directly impact on CNS immune activity; through the production of SCFAs such as propionate, butyrate, and acetate; the production of neurotransmitters which may enter circulation and cross the blood brain barrier; by modulating tryptophan metabolism and downstream metabolites, serotonin, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. Neuronal and spinal pathways, particularly afferent signaling pathways of the vagus nerve, are critical in mediating the effect of the gut microbiota on brain function and behavior. Microbial produced SCFAs and indole also impact on EC cells of the enteric nervous system (Romijn et al. 2008; Cani et al. 2013). 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引用次数: 3
摘要
人类与肠道微生物群共存,肠道微生物群是一个复杂的微生物生态系统,主要位于远端肠道。下胃肠道含有近100万亿个微生物,其中大部分是细菌。在这个微生物群中已经发现了1000多种细菌。肠道菌群与宿主是一种共生关系。被称为肠脑轴的双向神经体液通讯系统整合了宿主肠道和大脑活动(Mayer et al. 2015)。大脑和肠道之间的交流发生在一个被统称为脑肠轴的通路网络上。脑肠轴包括中枢神经系统、ENS、自主神经系统的交感神经和副交感神经分支、神经内分泌和神经免疫途径以及肠道微生物群(collins et al. 2012)。肠道微生物群可以通过多种途径向大脑发出信号,其中包括:调节免疫活性和炎症细胞因子的产生,这些细胞因子可以刺激HPA轴产生CRH, ACTH和皮质醇,或直接影响CNS免疫活性;通过生产丙酸、丁酸和醋酸酯等短链脂肪酸;神经递质的产生可能进入血液循环并穿过血脑屏障;通过调节色氨酸代谢和下游代谢物,血清素,犬尿酸和喹啉酸。神经元和脊髓通路,特别是迷走神经的传入信号通路,在调节肠道微生物群对脑功能和行为的影响方面至关重要。微生物产生的短链脂肪酸和吲哚也会影响肠神经系统的EC细胞(Romijn et al. 2008;Cani et al. 2013)。本报告的目的是总结我们目前关于微生物群在肠脑轴自下而上的沟通途径中的作用的知识。
The gut-brain axis: interactions between microbiota and nervous systems
Humans coexist in a mutualistic relationship with the intestinal microbiota, a complex microbial ecosystem that resides largely in the distal bowel. The lower gastrointestinal tract contains almost 100 trillion microorganisms, most of which are bacteria. More than 1,000 bacterial species have been identified in this microbiota. The intestinal microbiota lives in a symbiotic relationship with the host. A bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, known as the gut–brain axis, integrates the host gut and brain activities (Mayer et al. 2015). Communication between the brain and gut occurs along a network of pathways collectively termed the brain-gut axis. The brain-gut axis encompass the CNS, ENS, sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune pathways, and the gut microbiota (Colins et al. 2012). The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via a number of pathways which include: regulating immune activity and the production of roinflammatory cytokines that can either stimulate the HPA axis to produce CRH, ACTH and cortisol, or directly impact on CNS immune activity; through the production of SCFAs such as propionate, butyrate, and acetate; the production of neurotransmitters which may enter circulation and cross the blood brain barrier; by modulating tryptophan metabolism and downstream metabolites, serotonin, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. Neuronal and spinal pathways, particularly afferent signaling pathways of the vagus nerve, are critical in mediating the effect of the gut microbiota on brain function and behavior. Microbial produced SCFAs and indole also impact on EC cells of the enteric nervous system (Romijn et al. 2008; Cani et al. 2013). The purpose of this presentation was to summarize our current knowledge regarding the role of microbiota in bottom-up pathways of communication in the gutbrain axis.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress isan online journal that publishes original research articles, reviews and short reviews on themolecular basisofbiophysical,physiological and pharmacological processes thatregulate cellular function, and the control or alteration of these processesby theaction of receptors, neurotransmitters, second messengers, cation, anions,drugsor disease. Areas of particular interest are four topics. They are; 1. Ion Channels (Na+-K+Channels, Cl– channels, Ca2+channels, ADP-Ribose and metabolism of NAD+,Patch-Clamp applications) 2. Oxidative Stress (Antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant enzymes, metabolism of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, biophysics, biochemistry and physiology of free oxygen radicals) 3. Interaction Between Oxidative Stress and Ion Channels in Neuroscience (Effects of the oxidative stress on the activation of the voltage sensitive cation channels, effect of ADP-Ribose and NAD+ on activation of the cation channels which are sensitive to voltage, effect of the oxidative stress on activation of the TRP channels in neurodegenerative diseases such Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases) 4. Gene and Oxidative Stress (Gene abnormalities. Interaction between gene and free radicals. Gene anomalies and iron. Role of radiation and cancer on gene polymorphism)