The potential contributions of universal and ubiquitous wireless power transfer systems towards sustainability

ABSTRACT Different wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies using inductive, capacitive, or optical coupling, and microwaves have been theoretically investigated and many have been employed in commercial products. WPT technologies have their own advantages and drawbacks and have been individually studied. This article envisions a concept of universal and ubiquitous wireless power transfer (U2WPT), in which power can be wirelessly transferred between any entity, whether stationary or in-motion, as long as they are equipped with appropriate energy transmitters and receivers. The realisation of such a U2WPT concept allows for the analysis of the sustainability of existing WPT systems in a unified manner, and to potentially overcome their limitations and engender greater energy mobility, flexibility, and sustainability. In addition, market mechanisms for U2WPT systems are introduced, along with an analysis of the benefits engendered in terms of economic, environmental, human and social outcomes, and improvement of energy and transportation systems. Finally, a discussion on the realisation of the U2WPT concept including policy implications, and recommendations for future research directions essential to their deployment is presented.