{"title":"未来的挑战喂食转基因植物","authors":"G. Flachowsky, T. Reuter","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017.0114","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Since humans made the transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, crops have been subject to anthropogenic selection in an effort to improve agronomic traits and nutritional quality. For almost 80 yr, diversity in agricultural crops has been promoted through indirect genetic mutation induced by exposure to radioactivity and/or chemicals. According to the FAO/ IAEA, more than 3,000 plant mutants are registered; with more than 2,000 modified plants being used for food and feed production, of which 1,400 are major staples (Ahloowalia et al., 2004; Kharkwal and Shu, 2009). In the last three decades, advances in molecular biology have made targetoriented gene transfer across the species barrier possible. The majority of first-generation commercialized genetically modified (GM) crops have been engineered for enhanced agronomic performance through transformation with genes encoding either herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, or both (Flachowsky and Aulrich, 2001). The cultivation of GM crops has become the subject of global controversy over their safety, trade, regulation, and implications for the environment throughout all sectors of society. In 1996, the first GM crops serving as major feedstuffs for livestock entered the North American market. These included herbicide-tolerant soybeans and canola and pest-protected corn. From 1996 to 2015, the cultivated area of GM crops increased more than 100-fold to 180 million ha globally (James, 2015). Regulations concerning GM plants were established by major international organizations prior to their commercialization, including the policy of substantial equivalence, which was first introduced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993) and was adopted by both the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most appropriate regulatory framework (FAO/WHO, 2000). Substantial equivalence was based on comparison of GM plants to an appropriate conventional counterpart from which the GM line was derived. Once defined plant traits had been deemed equivalent between the two lines, the novel transgenic trait became the focus of the safety assessment. With the 20-yr anniversary, detailed information about commercial cultivation, the feeding qualities of GM crops for livestock, and their nutritional evaluation have been reviewed previously by academia (e.g., Flachowsky, 2013; van Eenennaam and Young, 2014; Nicolia et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 2015; Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015; Harvie, 2015; Watson and Preedy, 2015; Brookes and Barfoot 2015, 2016; Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016; Qaim 2016) and scientific bodies (e.g., JRC, 2016; NASEM, 2016; The Royal Society, 2016) analyzing socio-economic effects of cultivation, related environmental aspects, and the impact on human and animal health.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017.0114","citationCount":"6","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Future challenges feeding transgenic plants\",\"authors\":\"G. 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引用次数: 6
摘要
自从人类从狩猎采集者向农业过渡以来,为了提高农艺性状和营养质量,作物一直受到人为选择的影响。近80年来,通过暴露于放射性和/或化学品引起的间接基因突变,促进了农业作物的多样性。根据粮农组织/国际原子能机构的数据,已经登记的植物突变体超过3000种;超过2000种转基因植物被用于食品和饲料生产,其中1400种是主要作物(Ahloowalia等人,2004年;Kharkwal and Shu, 2009)。在过去的三十年中,分子生物学的进步使得靶向基因跨越物种屏障成为可能。大多数第一代商业化的转基因作物都是通过将编码抗除草剂、抗虫害或两者兼有的基因转化来提高农艺性能的(Flachowsky和ulrich, 2001)。转基因作物的种植已经成为全球争议的主题,涉及其安全性、贸易、监管以及对社会各部门环境的影响。1996年,第一批作为牲畜主要饲料的转基因作物进入北美市场。其中包括抗除草剂的大豆和油菜籽,以及防虫害的玉米。从1996年到2015年,全球转基因作物的种植面积增加了100多倍,达到1.8亿公顷(James, 2015)。主要国际组织在转基因植物商业化之前就制定了有关其的条例,其中包括实质等同政策,经济合作与发展组织(经合发组织,1993年)首先提出这一政策,并被粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)作为最适当的管制框架予以采纳(粮农组织/卫生组织,2000年)。实质等同是基于转基因植物与衍生转基因品系的适当的传统对应物的比较。一旦确定的植物性状在两个品系之间被认为是相同的,新的转基因性状就成为安全性评价的重点。20周年之际,学术界对商业化种植、家畜用转基因作物的饲养质量及其营养评价的详细信息进行了回顾(例如,Flachowsky, 2013;van Eenennaam and Young, 2014;Nicolia et al., 2014;Smyth等人,2015;Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015;Harvie, 2015;Watson and Preedy, 2015;Brookes and Barfoot 2015、2016;Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016;Qaim 2016)和科学机构(例如,JRC, 2016;NASEM, 2016;(英国皇家学会,2016年)分析种植的社会经济影响、相关环境因素以及对人类和动物健康的影响。
Since humans made the transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, crops have been subject to anthropogenic selection in an effort to improve agronomic traits and nutritional quality. For almost 80 yr, diversity in agricultural crops has been promoted through indirect genetic mutation induced by exposure to radioactivity and/or chemicals. According to the FAO/ IAEA, more than 3,000 plant mutants are registered; with more than 2,000 modified plants being used for food and feed production, of which 1,400 are major staples (Ahloowalia et al., 2004; Kharkwal and Shu, 2009). In the last three decades, advances in molecular biology have made targetoriented gene transfer across the species barrier possible. The majority of first-generation commercialized genetically modified (GM) crops have been engineered for enhanced agronomic performance through transformation with genes encoding either herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, or both (Flachowsky and Aulrich, 2001). The cultivation of GM crops has become the subject of global controversy over their safety, trade, regulation, and implications for the environment throughout all sectors of society. In 1996, the first GM crops serving as major feedstuffs for livestock entered the North American market. These included herbicide-tolerant soybeans and canola and pest-protected corn. From 1996 to 2015, the cultivated area of GM crops increased more than 100-fold to 180 million ha globally (James, 2015). Regulations concerning GM plants were established by major international organizations prior to their commercialization, including the policy of substantial equivalence, which was first introduced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993) and was adopted by both the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most appropriate regulatory framework (FAO/WHO, 2000). Substantial equivalence was based on comparison of GM plants to an appropriate conventional counterpart from which the GM line was derived. Once defined plant traits had been deemed equivalent between the two lines, the novel transgenic trait became the focus of the safety assessment. With the 20-yr anniversary, detailed information about commercial cultivation, the feeding qualities of GM crops for livestock, and their nutritional evaluation have been reviewed previously by academia (e.g., Flachowsky, 2013; van Eenennaam and Young, 2014; Nicolia et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 2015; Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015; Harvie, 2015; Watson and Preedy, 2015; Brookes and Barfoot 2015, 2016; Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016; Qaim 2016) and scientific bodies (e.g., JRC, 2016; NASEM, 2016; The Royal Society, 2016) analyzing socio-economic effects of cultivation, related environmental aspects, and the impact on human and animal health.
期刊介绍:
Animal Frontiers is the official journal of the following globally active professional animal science societies:
ASAS, the American Society of Animal Science
CSAS, the Canadian Society of Animal Science
EAAP, the European Federation of Animal Science
AMSA, the American Meat Science Association
These organizations are dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of science-based knowledge concerning animal agriculture. Animal Frontiers provides a novel forum for innovative and timely perspectives that have relevance to understanding the complex dynamics at work through animal agriculture. Animal Frontiers publishes discussion and position papers that present several international perspectives on the status of high-impact, global issues in animal agriculture. Every issue will explore a theme of broad and current interest within animal science and animal agriculture.